Liang L, Goh S G, Vergara G G R V, Fang H M, Rezaeinejad S, Chang S Y, Bayen S, Lee W A, Sobsey M D, Rose J B, Gin K Y H
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board (PUB), Singapore.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015 Feb;81(3):850-60. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02670-14. Epub 2014 Nov 21.
The suitability of traditional microbial indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli and enterococci) has been challenged due to the lack of correlation with pathogens and evidence of possible regrowth in the natural environment. In this study, the relationships between alternative microbial indicators of potential human fecal contamination (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Methanobrevibacter smithii, human polyomaviruses [HPyVs], and F+ and somatic coliphages) and pathogens (Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rotavirus, astrovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, and adenovirus) were compared with those of traditional microbial indicators, as well as environmental parameters (temperature, conductivity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, total suspended solids, turbidity, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus). Water samples were collected from surface waters of urban catchments in Singapore. Salmonella and P. aeruginosa had significant positive correlations with most of the microbial indicators, especially E. coli and enterococci. Norovirus GII showed moderately strong positive correlations with most of the microbial indicators, except for HPyVs and coliphages. In general, high geometric means and significant correlations between human-specific markers and pathogens suggest the possibility of sewage contamination in some areas. The simultaneous detection of human-specific markers (i.e., B. thetaiotaomicron, M. smithii, and HPyVs) with E. coli and enterococcus supports the likelihood of recent fecal contamination, since the human-specific markers are unable to regrow in natural surface waters. Multiple-linear-regression results further confirm that the inclusion of M. smithii and HPyVs, together with traditional indicators, would better predict the occurrence of pathogens. Further study is needed to determine the applicability of such models to different geographical locations and environmental conditions.
由于传统微生物指标（即大肠杆菌和肠球菌）与病原体缺乏相关性以及在自然环境中可能再生长的证据，其适用性受到了挑战。在本研究中，将潜在人类粪便污染的替代微生物指标（嗜热栖热放线菌、史氏甲烷短杆菌、人类多瘤病毒[HPyVs]以及F+和体细胞噬菌体）与病原体（沙门氏菌属、铜绿假单胞菌、轮状病毒、星状病毒、诺如病毒GI、诺如病毒GII和腺病毒）之间的关系，与传统微生物指标以及环境参数（温度、电导率、盐度、pH值、溶解氧、总有机碳、总悬浮固体、浊度、总氮和总磷）的关系进行了比较。从新加坡城市集水区的地表水采集了水样。沙门氏菌和铜绿假单胞菌与大多数微生物指标呈显著正相关，尤其是大肠杆菌和肠球菌。除了HPyVs和噬菌体外，诺如病毒GII与大多数微生物指标呈中度强正相关。总体而言，人类特异性标志物与病原体之间的高几何平均值和显著相关性表明某些地区存在污水污染的可能性。同时检测人类特异性标志物（即嗜热栖热放线菌、史氏甲烷短杆菌和HPyVs）与大肠杆菌和肠球菌，支持了近期粪便污染的可能性，因为人类特异性标志物无法在天然地表水中再生长。多元线性回归结果进一步证实，将史氏甲烷短杆菌和HPyVs与传统指标一起纳入，将能更好地预测病原体的出现。需要进一步研究以确定此类模型在不同地理位置和环境条件下的适用性。
