Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
Pathogens. 2014 Jun 11;3(2):459-72. doi: 10.3390/pathogens3020459.
Gut microbes are known to play various roles in insects such as digestion of inaccessible nutrients, synthesis of deficient amino acids, and interaction with ecological environments, including host plants. Here, we analyzed the gut microbiome in Hessian fly, a serious pest of wheat. A total of 3,654 high quality sequences of the V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene were obtained through 454-pyrosequencing. From these sequences, 311 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained at the >97% similarity cutoff. In the gut of 1st instar, otu01, a member of Pseudomonas, was predominant, representing 90.2% of total sequences. otu13, an unidentified genus in the Pseudomonadaceae family, represented 1.9% of total sequences. The remaining OTUs were each less than 1%. In the gut of the 2nd instar, otu01 and otu13 decreased to 85.5% and 1.5%, respectively. otu04, a member of Buttiauxella, represented 9.7% of total sequences. The remaining OTUs were each less than 1%. In the gut of the 3rd instar, otu01 and otu13 further decreased to 29.0% and 0%, respectively. otu06, otu08, and otu16, also three members of the Pseudomonadaceae family were 13.2%, 8.6%, and 2.3%, respectively. In addition, otu04 and otu14, two members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, were 4.7% and 2.5%; otu18 and otu20, two members of the Xanthomonadaceae family, were 1.3% and 1.2%, respectively; otu12, a member of Achromobacter, was 4.2%; otu19, a member of Undibacterium, was 1.4%; and otu9, otu10, and otu15, members of various families, were 6.1%, 6.3%, and 1.9%, respectively. The investigation into dynamics of Pseudomonas, the most abundant genera, revealed that its population level was at peak in freshly hatched or 1 day larvae as well as in later developmental stages, thus suggesting a prominent role for this bacterium in Hessian fly development and in its interaction with host plants. This study is the first comprehensive survey on bacteria associated with the gut of a gall midge, and provides a foundation for future studies to elucidate the roles of gut microbes in Hessian fly virulence and biology.
肠道微生物在昆虫中扮演着多种角色，如消化难以获取的营养物质、合成必需氨基酸以及与生态环境（包括宿主植物）相互作用等。在这里，我们分析了麦长管蚜（一种严重危害小麦的害虫）的肠道微生物组。通过 454 焦磷酸测序共获得了 3654 条 16S rRNA 基因 V3 高变区的高质量序列。在这些序列中，以 >97%的相似度获得了 311 个操作分类单元（OTUs）。在 1 龄幼虫的肠道中，以假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）的 otu01 为主，占总序列的 90.2%。未鉴定的食酸菌科（Pseudomonadaceae）的 otu13 占总序列的 1.9%。其余的 OTUs 各占不到 1%。在 2 龄幼虫的肠道中，otu01 和 otu13 分别减少到 85.5%和 1.5%。以布特氏菌属（Buttiauxella）的 otu04 为主，占总序列的 9.7%。其余的 OTUs 各占不到 1%。在 3 龄幼虫的肠道中，otu01 和 otu13 进一步减少到 29.0%和 0%。同样属于食酸菌科的 otu06、otu08 和 otu16 分别占 13.2%、8.6%和 2.3%。此外，肠杆菌科（Enterobacteriaceae）的 otu04 和 otu14 分别占 4.7%和 2.5%；黄单胞菌科（Xanthomonadaceae）的 otu18 和 otu20 分别占 1.3%和 1.2%；阿克曼氏菌属（Achromobacter）的 otu12 占 4.2%；未鉴定的拟杆菌属（Undibacterium）的 otu19 占 1.4%；其他家族的 otu12、otu9、otu10 和 otu15 分别占 6.1%、6.3%和 1.9%。对最丰富的属假单胞菌（Pseudomonas）种群动态的研究表明，其种群水平在刚孵化或 1 日龄幼虫以及后期发育阶段达到峰值，这表明该细菌在麦长管蚜的发育及其与宿主植物的相互作用中发挥着重要作用。本研究是首次对瘿蚊肠道细菌进行的全面调查，为今后研究肠道微生物在麦长管蚜毒力和生物学特性中的作用提供了基础。
