Reguera Juan, Mudgal Gaurav, Santiago César, Casasnovas José M
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
Virus Res. 2014 Dec 19;194:3-15. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.005. Epub 2014 Oct 14.
In the coronavirus (CoV), the envelope spike (S) glycoprotein is responsible for CoV cell entry and host-to-host transmission. The S is a multifunctional glycoprotein that mediates both attachment of CoV particles to cell surface receptor molecules as well as membrane penetration by fusion. Receptor-binding domains (RBD) have been identified in the S of diverse CoV; they usually contain antigenic determinants targeted by antibodies that neutralize CoV infections. To penetrate host cells, the CoV can use various cell surface molecules, although they preferentially bind to ectoenzymes. Several crystal structures have determined the folding of CoV RBD and the mode by which they recognize cell entry receptors. Here we review the CoV-receptor complex structures reported to date, and highlight the distinct receptor recognition modes, common features, and key determinants of the binding specificity. Structural studies have established the basis for understanding receptor recognition diversity in CoV, its evolution and the adaptation of this virus family to different hosts. CoV responsible for recent outbreaks have extraordinary potential for cross-species transmission; their RBD bear large platforms specialized in recognition of receptors from different species, which facilitates host-to-host circulation and adaptation to man.
在冠状病毒（CoV）中，包膜刺突（S）糖蛋白负责CoV进入细胞以及在宿主之间传播。S是一种多功能糖蛋白，它介导CoV颗粒与细胞表面受体分子的结合以及通过融合实现膜穿透。在多种CoV的S蛋白中已鉴定出受体结合域（RBD）；它们通常包含被中和CoV感染的抗体靶向的抗原决定簇。为了穿透宿主细胞，CoV可以利用各种细胞表面分子，尽管它们优先结合胞外酶。几种晶体结构已经确定了CoV RBD的折叠方式及其识别细胞进入受体的模式。在这里，我们综述了迄今为止报道的CoV-受体复合物结构，并强调了不同的受体识别模式、共同特征以及结合特异性的关键决定因素。结构研究为理解CoV中受体识别的多样性、其进化以及该病毒家族对不同宿主的适应性奠定了基础。导致近期疫情爆发的CoV具有跨物种传播的巨大潜力；它们的RBD具有专门用于识别来自不同物种受体的大平台，这有利于在宿主之间传播并适应人类。
