Yusuf I, Arzai A H, Haruna M, Sharif A A, Getso M I
Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science Bayero University Kano Nigeria Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
Department of Biology Kano University of Science and Technology Wudil, Kano Nigeria Department of Biology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria.
Braz J Microbiol. 2014 Oct 9;45(3):791-8. doi: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000300005. eCollection 2014.
Two major hospitals in Kano, North West Nigeria have recorded increasing resistance of clinical pathogens to broad spectrum β lactams, mediated by extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) and non ESBLs. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the occurrence and prevalence of plasmid and chromosomal mediated AmpC βL and carbapenemase in addition to already known ESBL due to increasing resistance of pathogens from the two hospitals to carbapenems, cephamycins and flouroquinolones. Antibiogram tests and ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemase production tests were performed on all the isolates. AmpC and carbapenemase producers were further screened for AmpC inducibility and metallo beta lactamase production respectively. Majority of the isolates (> 80%) were resistant to both β-lactam and non β-lactam antibiotics. Reduced susceptibility to levofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin among the isolates were observed with the exception of P. aeruginosa which is totally resistant to imipenem and levofloxacin. An overall prevalence of 14.4%, 11.9% and 11.9.3% for ESβL, AmpC and carbapenemase was observed respectively. About 7.9% of the AmpC producers can over expressed the chromosomally mediated AmpC and 85.8% of the carbapenemase producers require metal for their action. Co-production of either of two and/or all of the enzymes was observed in E. coli, P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa. Antibiotic resistance among isolates from the two hospitals is increasing and the major cause of this resistance in the pathogens studied are production of AmpC, carbapenemase (especially Metallo β-lactamase) in addition to already known ESBL enzymes by the pathogens. Some of the isolates also possess the capacity to elaborate two or more of the enzymes concurrently, which would renders them resistant to a multitude of antibiotics.
尼日利亚西北部卡诺的两家主要医院记录到，临床病原体对广谱β-内酰胺类药物的耐药性不断增加，这是由超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESβL）和非ESBL介导的。因此，开展了一项研究，以确定质粒和染色体介导的AmpCβL和碳青霉烯酶的发生情况和流行程度，此外还包括已知的ESBL，这是由于两家医院的病原体对碳青霉烯类、头孢霉素类和氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性不断增加。对所有分离株进行了抗菌谱测试以及ESBL、AmpC和碳青霉烯酶产生测试。对AmpC和碳青霉烯酶产生菌分别进一步筛选AmpC诱导性和金属β-内酰胺酶产生情况。大多数分离株（>80%）对β-内酰胺类和非β-内酰胺类抗生素均耐药。观察到分离株对左氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、萘啶酸和氧氟沙星的敏感性降低，但铜绿假单胞菌除外，其对亚胺培南和左氧氟沙星完全耐药。ESβL、AmpC和碳青霉烯酶的总体流行率分别为14.4%、11.9%和11.9%。约7.9%的AmpC产生菌可过度表达染色体介导的AmpC，85.8%的碳青霉烯酶产生菌的作用需要金属。在大肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌中观察到两种和/或所有这些酶的共同产生。两家医院分离株的抗生素耐药性正在增加，在所研究的病原体中，这种耐药性的主要原因是病原体产生AmpC、碳青霉烯酶（尤其是金属β-内酰胺酶）以及已知的ESBL酶。一些分离株还具有同时产生两种或更多种酶的能力，这将使它们对多种抗生素耐药。
