Wu Liang, Chen Huan, Curtis Chad, Fu Zheng Qing
a Department of Biological Sciences; University of South Carolina; Columbia, SC USA.
Virulence. 2014;5(7):710-21. doi: 10.4161/viru.29755.
Plant resistance (R) proteins perceive specific pathogen effectors from diverse plant pathogens to initiate defense responses, designated effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Plant R proteins are mostly nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins, which recognize pathogen effectors directly or indirectly through sophisticated mechanisms. Upon activation by effector proteins, R proteins elicit robust defense responses, including a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced biosynthesis and accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), a rapid programmed cell death (PCD) called hypersensitive response (HR) at the infection sites, and increased expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Initiation of ETI is correlated with a complex network of defense signaling pathways, resulting in defensive cellular responses and large-scale transcriptional reprogramming events. In this review, we highlight important recent advances on the recognition of effectors, regulation and activation of plant R proteins, dynamic intracellular trafficking of R proteins, induction of cell death, and transcriptional reprogramming associated with ETI. Current knowledge gaps and future research directions are also discussed in this review.
植物抗性（R）蛋白可识别来自多种植物病原体的特定病原体效应子，从而启动防御反应，即效应子触发的免疫（ETI）。植物R蛋白大多是核苷酸结合富含亮氨酸重复序列（NB-LRR）蛋白，它们通过复杂机制直接或间接识别病原体效应子。在效应子蛋白激活后，R蛋白引发强烈的防御反应，包括活性氧（ROS）的快速爆发、水杨酸（SA）的诱导生物合成和积累、感染部位发生的称为过敏反应（HR）的快速程序性细胞死亡（PCD），以及病程相关（PR）基因表达增加。ETI的启动与复杂的防御信号通路网络相关，导致防御性细胞反应和大规模转录重编程事件。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了效应子识别、植物R蛋白的调控与激活、R蛋白在细胞内的动态运输、细胞死亡诱导以及与ETI相关的转录重编程等方面的重要最新进展。本综述还讨论了当前的知识空白和未来的研究方向。
