Lau Stephan, Hiemisch Anette, Baumeister Roy F
Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Straße 47, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Straße 47, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
Conscious Cogn. 2015 May;33:30-46. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.11.008. Epub 2014 Dec 17.
Six experiments tested two competing models of subjective freedom during decision-making. The process model is mainly based on philosophical conceptions of free will and assumes that features of the process of choosing affect subjective feelings of freedom. In contrast, the outcome model predicts that subjective freedom is due to positive outcomes that can be expected or are achieved by a decision. Results heavily favored the outcome model over the process model. For example, participants felt freer when choosing between two equally good than two equally bad options. Process features including number of options, complexity of decision, uncertainty, having the option to defer the decision, conflict among reasons, and investing high effort in choosing generally had no or even negative effects on subjective freedom. In contrast, participants reported high freedom with good outcomes and low freedom with bad outcomes, and ease of deciding increased subjective freedom, consistent with the outcome model.
六项实验对决策过程中主观自由的两种相互竞争的模型进行了测试。过程模型主要基于自由意志的哲学概念，并假设选择过程的特征会影响主观自由感。相比之下，结果模型预测主观自由是由于决策所能预期或实现的积极结果。结果强烈支持结果模型而非过程模型。例如，参与者在两个同样好的选项之间进行选择时比在两个同样差的选项之间进行选择时感觉更自由。包括选项数量、决策复杂性、不确定性、有推迟决策的选项、理由之间的冲突以及在选择过程中投入高努力程度等过程特征，通常对主观自由没有影响甚至有负面影响。相比之下，参与者报告称结果好时自由感高，结果差时自由感低，并且决策的轻松程度会增加主观自由，这与结果模型一致。
