The Neuropsychological Laboratory, CNS-Fed Paris, France ; Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242 CNRS-Université Paris Descartes Paris, France.
Service de Médecine et de Réadaptation Gériatrique et Neurologique, Hôpitaux de Saint-Maurice Saint-Maurice, France ; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 75, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 Paris, France.
Front Integr Neurosci. 2014 Dec 5;8:89. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00089. eCollection 2014.
Vision is a complex function, which is achieved by movements of the eyes to properly foveate targets at any location in 3D space and to continuously refresh neural information in the different visual pathways. The visual system involves five main routes originating in the retinas but varying in their destination within the brain: the occipital cortex, but also the superior colliculus (SC), the pretectum, the supra-chiasmatic nucleus, the nucleus of the optic tract and terminal dorsal, medial and lateral nuclei. Visual pathway architecture obeys systematization in sagittal and transversal planes so that visual information from left/right and upper/lower hemi-retinas, corresponding respectively to right/left and lower/upper visual fields, is processed ipsilaterally and ipsialtitudinally to hemi-retinas in left/right hemispheres and upper/lower fibers. Organic neurovisual deficits may occur at any level of this circuitry from the optic nerve to subcortical and cortical destinations, resulting in low or high-level visual deficits. In this didactic review article, we provide a panorama of the neural bases of eye movements and visual systems, and of related neurovisual deficits. Additionally, we briefly review the different schools of rehabilitation of organic neurovisual deficits, and show that whatever the emphasis is put on action or perception, benefits may be observed at both motor and perceptual levels. Given the extent of its neural bases in the brain, vision in its motor and perceptual aspects is also a useful tool to assess and modulate central nervous system (CNS) in general.
视觉是一种复杂的功能，它通过眼球运动来实现，使目标在 3D 空间中的任何位置都能正确地注视，并不断刷新不同视觉通路中的神经信息。视觉系统涉及五个主要途径，起源于视网膜，但在大脑中的目的地不同：枕叶皮层，但也包括上丘（SC）、顶盖、视交叉上核、视束核和终末背侧、内侧和外侧核。视觉通路结构在矢状面和横切面上遵循系统化，使得来自左右和上下半视网膜的视觉信息，分别对应于右眼/左眼和下/上视野，在左侧/右侧半球的半视网膜同侧和同侧进行处理，在上/下纤维中。从视神经到皮质下和皮质目的地，这个电路的任何水平都可能发生有机神经视觉缺陷，导致低水平或高水平的视觉缺陷。在这篇教学综述文章中，我们提供了眼球运动和视觉系统以及相关神经视觉缺陷的神经基础全景图。此外，我们还简要回顾了有机神经视觉缺陷的不同康复学派，并表明，无论强调的是行动还是感知，在运动和感知层面都可能观察到益处。鉴于其在大脑中的神经基础的广泛程度，视觉在其运动和感知方面也是评估和调节中枢神经系统（CNS）的有用工具。
