Robilotti Elizabeth, Deresinski Stan, Pinsky Benjamin A
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jan;28(1):134-64. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00075-14.
Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.
诺如病毒是杯状病毒科的一种RNA病毒，是一种人类肠道病原体，在医疗保健和社区环境中都会导致大量发病。多种因素会增强诺如病毒的传播能力，包括产生感染所需的少量接种物（<100个病毒颗粒）、病毒长时间脱落以及它在环境中的生存能力。在本综述中，我们描述了诺如病毒的基本病毒学和免疫学、感染导致的临床疾病及其诊断和管理，以及使疫苗开发复杂化的宿主和病原体因素。此外，我们还讨论了总体流行病学、感染控制策略以及旨在控制这种全球急性胃肠炎病因的全球报告工作。迅速实施感染控制措施仍然是诺如病毒疫情管理的主要手段。
