Molnár Zsolt, Gellény Krisztina, Margóczi Katalin, Biró Marianna
Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Alkotmány u. 2-4, H-2163, Vácrátót, Hungary.
University of Szeged Department of Ecology, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2015 Jan 7;11:3. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-11-3.
Previous studies showed an in-depth ecological understanding by traditional people of managing natural resources. We studied the landscape ethnoecological knowledge (LEEK) of Székelys on the basis of 16-19(th) century village laws. We analyzed the habitat types, ecosystem services and sustainable management types on which village laws had focused.
Székelys had self-governed communities formed mostly of "noble peasants". Land-use was dominated by commons and regulated by village laws framed by the whole community. Seventy-two archival laws from 52 villages, resulting in 898 regulations, were analyzed using the DPSIR framework. Explicit and implicit information about the contemporary ecological knowledge of Székelys was extracted. We distinguished between responses that limited use and supported regeneration and those that protected produced/available ecosystem services and ensured their fair distribution.
Most regulations referred to forests (674), arable lands (562), meadows (448) and pastures (134). Székelys regulated the proportion of arable land, pasture and forest areas consciously in order to maximize long-term exploitation of ecosystem services. The inner territory was protected against overuse by relocating certain uses to the outer territory. Competition for ecosystem services was demonstrated by conflicts of pressure-related (mostly personal) and response-related (mostly communal) driving forces. Felling of trees (oaks), grazing of forests, meadows and fallows, masting, use of wild apple/pear trees and fishing were strictly regulated. Cutting of leaf-fodder, grazing of green crops, burning of forest litter and the polluting of streams were prohibited. Marketing by villagers and inviting outsiders to use the ecosystem services were strictly regulated, and mostly prohibited. Székelys recognized at least 71 folk habitat types, understood ecological regeneration and degradation processes, the history of their landscape and the management possibilities of ecosystem services. Some aspects of LEEK were so well known within Székely communities that they were not made explicit in village laws, others remained implicit because they were not related to regulations.
Based on explicit and implicit information, we argue that Székelys possessed detailed knowledge of the local ecological system. Moreover the world's first known explicit mention of ecosystem services ("Benefits that are provided by Nature for free") originated from this region from 1786.
先前的研究表明，传统人群对自然资源管理有着深入的生态理解。我们基于16至19世纪的乡村法律，研究了塞凯伊人（Székelys）的景观民族生态学知识（LEEK）。我们分析了乡村法律所关注的栖息地类型、生态系统服务和可持续管理类型。
塞凯伊人有主要由“贵族农民”组成的自治社区。土地使用以公共用地为主，并由整个社区制定的乡村法律进行规范。使用DPSIR框架分析了来自52个村庄的72项档案法律，共898条规定。提取了有关塞凯伊人当代生态知识的明确和隐含信息。我们区分了限制使用并支持再生的应对措施和保护已产生/可用生态系统服务并确保其公平分配的应对措施。
大多数规定涉及森林（674条）、耕地（562条）、草地（448条）和牧场（134条）。塞凯伊人有意识地规范耕地、牧场和森林面积的比例，以实现生态系统服务的长期利用最大化。通过将某些用途转移到外部区域，内部区域免受过度使用。与压力相关（主要是个人）和应对相关（主要是社区）驱动力的冲突表明了对生态系统服务的竞争。树木砍伐（橡树）、森林、草地和休耕地的放牧、结实、野生苹果/梨树的使用和捕鱼都受到严格规范。禁止砍伐叶饲料、绿色作物放牧、焚烧森林枯枝落叶和污染溪流。村民的营销活动以及邀请外人使用生态系统服务受到严格规范，且大多被禁止。塞凯伊人识别出至少71种民间栖息地类型，理解生态再生和退化过程、他们景观的历史以及生态系统服务的管理可能性。LEEK的某些方面在塞凯伊社区内广为人知，因此在乡村法律中未明确提及，其他方面则因与规定无关而仍为隐含内容。
基于明确和隐含信息，我们认为塞凯伊人拥有当地生态系统的详细知识。此外，世界上首次明确提及生态系统服务（“自然免费提供的益处”）可追溯到1786年的该地区。
