Verma Neelam, Bhardwaj Atul
Biosensor Technology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India,
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2015 Mar;175(6):3093-119. doi: 10.1007/s12010-015-1489-2. Epub 2015 Jan 18.
Pesticides, due to their lucrative outcomes, are majorly implicated in agricultural fields for crop production enhancement. Due to their pest removal properties, pesticides of various classes have been designed to persist in the environment over a longer duration after their application to achieve maximum effectiveness. Apart from their recalcitrant structure and agricultural benefits, pesticides also impose acute toxicological effects onto the other various life forms. Their accumulation in the living system may prove to be detrimental if established in higher concentrations. Thus, their prompt and accurate analysis is a crucial matter of concern. Conventional techniques like chromatographic techniques (HPLC, GC, etc.) used for pesticides detection are associated with various limitations like stumpy sensitivity and efficiency, time consumption, laboriousity, requirement of expensive equipments and highly trained technicians, and many more. So there is a need to recruit the methods which can detect these neurotoxic compounds sensitively, selectively, rapidly, and easily in the field. Present work is a brief review of the pesticide effects, their current usage scenario, permissible limits in various food stuffs and 21st century advancements of biosensor technology for pesticide detection. Due to their exceptional performance capabilities, easiness in operation and on-site working, numerous biosensors have been developed for bio-monitoring of various environmental samples for pesticide evaluation immensely throughout the globe. Till date, based on sensing element (enzyme based, antibody based, etc.) and type of detection method used (Electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric, etc.), a number of biosensors have been developed for pesticide detection. In present communication, authors have summarized 21st century's approaches of biosensor technology for pesticide detection such as enzyme-based biosensors, immunosensors, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, and biochips technology. Also, the major technological advancements of nanotechnology in the field of biosensor technology are discussed. Various biosensors mentioned in manuscript are found to exhibit storage stability of biocomponent ranging from 30-60 days, detection limit of 10(-6) - 10(-16) M, response time of 1-20 min and applications of developed biosensors in environmental samples (water, food, vegetables, milk, and juice samples, etc.) are also discussed. Researchers all over the globe are working towards the development of different biosensing techniques based on contrast approaches for the detection of pesticides in various environmental samples.
农药因其丰厚的收益，在农业领域主要用于提高作物产量。由于其具有除虫特性，各类农药被设计成在施用后能在环境中持续较长时间，以达到最大效果。除了其顽固的结构和农业效益外，农药还会对其他各种生命形式产生急性毒理学影响。如果在生物系统中以较高浓度积累，可能会有害。因此，对其进行快速准确的分析是一个至关重要的问题。用于农药检测的传统技术，如色谱技术（高效液相色谱、气相色谱等），存在各种局限性，如灵敏度和效率低、耗时、费力、需要昂贵设备和训练有素的技术人员等。所以需要采用能够在现场灵敏、选择性、快速且简便地检测这些神经毒性化合物的方法。目前的工作是对农药的影响、其当前使用情况、在各种食品中的允许限量以及21世纪用于农药检测的生物传感器技术进展进行简要综述。由于其卓越的性能、操作简便和可现场工作，全球已开发出众多生物传感器用于生物监测各种环境样品中的农药。迄今为止，基于传感元件（酶基、抗体基等）和所使用的检测方法类型（电化学、光学和压电等），已开发出多种用于农药检测的生物传感器。在本通讯中，作者总结了21世纪用于农药检测的生物传感器技术方法，如酶基生物传感器、免疫传感器、适体、分子印迹聚合物和生物芯片技术。此外，还讨论了纳米技术在生物传感器技术领域的主要技术进展。手稿中提到的各种生物传感器的生物组分储存稳定性为30 - 60天，检测限为10(-6) - 10(-16) M，响应时间为1 - 20分钟，还讨论了所开发生物传感器在环境样品（水、食品、蔬菜、牛奶和果汁样品等）中的应用。全球各地的研究人员都在致力于基于不同方法开发用于检测各种环境样品中农药的不同生物传感技术。
