美国披萨的能量和营养摄入。
Energy and nutrient intake from pizza in the United States.
机构信息
Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, and Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
Economic and Health Policy Research Program, Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia; and.
出版信息
Pediatrics. 2015 Feb;135(2):322-30. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1844. Epub 2015 Jan 19.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Pizza consumption is a top contributor to children's and adolescents' caloric intake. The objective of this study was to examine children's and adolescents' pizza consumption patterns and its impact on their energy and nutrient intake.
METHODS
Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data for children aged 2 to 11 and adolescents aged 12 to 19 were drawn from the 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, and 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We tested changes in consumption patterns, including by race/ethnicity, income, meal occasion, and source. Individual-level fixed effects regression models estimated the impact of pizza consumption on total energy intake (TEI) and intakes of sugar, saturated fat, and sodium.
RESULTS
From 2003-2004 to 2009-2010, overall energy intake from pizza declined 25% among children (110 to 83 kcal, P ≤ .05). Among adolescents, although caloric intake from pizza among those who consumed pizza fell (801 to 624 kcal, P ≤ .05), overall pizza intake remained unchanged due to slightly higher pizza consumption prevalence. For children and adolescents, pizza intake fell (P ≤ .05) at dinner time and from fast food. For children and adolescents, respectively, pizza consumption was significantly associated with higher net daily TEI (84 kcal and 230 kcal) and higher intakes of saturated fat (3 g and 5 g) and sodium (134 mg and 484 mg) but not sugar intake, and such affects generally did not differ by sociodemographic characteristics. Pizza consumption as a snack or from fast-food restaurants had the greatest adverse impact on TEI.
CONCLUSIONS
The adverse dietary effects of pizza consumption found in this study suggest that its consumption should be curbed and its nutrient content improved.
背景与目的
披萨是儿童和青少年热量摄入的主要来源之一。本研究旨在调查儿童和青少年的披萨消费模式及其对能量和营养素摄入的影响。
方法
本研究从 2003-2004 年、2005-2006 年、2007-2008 年和 2009-2010 年全国健康与营养调查中抽取了 2 至 11 岁儿童和 12 至 19 岁青少年的 24 小时膳食回忆数据。我们测试了消费模式的变化，包括种族/民族、收入、用餐场合和来源。个体水平固定效应回归模型估计了披萨消费对总能量摄入（TEI）以及糖、饱和脂肪和钠摄入量的影响。
结果
从 2003-2004 年到 2009-2010 年，儿童披萨的总能量摄入下降了 25%（从 110 千卡降至 83 千卡，P ≤.05）。在青少年中，尽管食用披萨的青少年的披萨热量摄入下降（从 801 千卡降至 624 千卡，P ≤.05），但由于披萨消费的略微增加，总体披萨摄入量保持不变。对于儿童和青少年来说，披萨的摄入量在晚餐时和快餐时都有所下降（P ≤.05）。对于儿童和青少年来说，披萨的摄入量分别与每日 TEI 的净增长（84 千卡和 230 千卡）以及饱和脂肪（3 克和 5 克）和钠（134 毫克和 484 毫克）的摄入量增加显著相关，但与糖的摄入量无关，而且这些影响通常不因社会人口特征而异。作为零食或从快餐店摄入披萨对 TEI 的负面影响最大。
结论
本研究发现披萨消费的不良饮食影响表明应控制其消费并改善其营养成分。
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