Department of Public Policy, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Mar 3;49(5):3203-10. doi: 10.1021/es505027p. Epub 2015 Feb 10.
Bulk energy storage is generally considered an important contributor for the transition toward a more flexible and sustainable electricity system. Although economically valuable, storage is not fundamentally a "green" technology, leading to reductions in emissions. We model the economic and emissions effects of bulk energy storage providing an energy arbitrage service. We calculate the profits under two scenarios (perfect and imperfect information about future electricity prices), and estimate the effect of bulk storage on net emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx for 20 eGRID subregions in the United States. We find that net system CO2 emissions resulting from storage operation are nontrivial when compared to the emissions from electricity generation, ranging from 104 to 407 kg/MWh of delivered energy depending on location, storage operation mode, and assumptions regarding carbon intensity. Net NOx emissions range from -0.16 (i.e., producing net savings) to 0.49 kg/MWh, and are generally small when compared to average generation-related emissions. Net SO2 emissions from storage operation range from -0.01 to 1.7 kg/MWh, depending on location and storage operation mode.
大规模储能通常被认为是向更灵活和可持续的电力系统转型的重要贡献者。尽管具有经济价值，但储能并不是一种“绿色”技术，它会导致排放量的减少。我们对提供能源套利服务的大规模储能的经济和排放效应进行建模。我们在两种情况下（对未来电价的完全和不完全信息）计算利润，并估计在美国 20 个 eGRID 子区域中，大规模储能对 CO2、SO2 和 NOx 的净排放量的影响。我们发现，与发电相比，储能运行产生的净系统 CO2 排放是相当可观的，其范围从每兆瓦时输送能源的 104 到 407 千克不等，具体取决于地点、储能运行模式以及对碳强度的假设。净 NOx 排放量范围从-0.16（即产生净节省）到 0.49 千克/兆瓦时，与平均发电相关排放量相比通常较小。储能运行的净 SO2 排放量范围从-0.01 到 1.7 千克/兆瓦时，具体取决于地点和储能运行模式。
