Department of Public Policy, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, New York 14623, United States.
Department of Engineering & Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Nov 7;51(21):12988-12997. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03286. Epub 2017 Oct 24.
The variable and nondispatchable nature of wind and solar generation has been driving interest in energy storage as an enabling low-carbon technology that can help spur large-scale adoption of renewables. However, prior work has shown that adding energy storage alone for energy arbitrage in electricity systems across the U.S. routinely increases system emissions. While adding wind or solar reduces electricity system emissions, the emissions effect of both renewable generation and energy storage varies by location. In this work, we apply a marginal emissions approach to determine the net system CO emissions of colocated or electrically proximate wind/storage and solar/storage facilities across the U.S. and determine the amount of renewable energy required to offset the CO emissions resulting from operation of new energy storage. We find that it takes between 0.03 MW (Montana) and 4 MW (Michigan) of wind and between 0.25 MW (Alabama) and 17 MW (Michigan) of solar to offset the emissions from a 25 MW/100 MWh storage device, depending on location and operational mode. Systems with a realistic combination of renewables and storage will result in net emissions reductions compared with a grid without those systems, but the anticipated reductions are lower than a renewable-only addition.
风能和太阳能的多变性和不可调度性一直推动着人们对储能的兴趣，将其视为一种能够促进可再生能源大规模应用的低碳技术。然而，之前的研究表明，在美国的电力系统中仅添加储能用于能源套利通常会增加系统排放。虽然添加风能或太阳能可以减少电力系统的排放，但可再生能源和储能的排放效应因地点而异。在这项工作中，我们应用边际排放方法来确定美国各地同地或电气上接近的风/储能和太阳能/储能设施的净系统 CO2 排放，并确定需要多少可再生能源来抵消新储能运行产生的 CO2 排放。我们发现，要抵消一个 25MW/100MWh 的储能装置的排放，需要在 0.03MW（蒙大拿州）到 4MW（密歇根州）之间的风能，以及在 0.25MW（阿拉巴马州）到 17MW（密歇根州）之间的太阳能，具体取决于地点和运行模式。与没有这些系统的电网相比，具有合理的可再生能源和储能组合的系统将导致净排放量减少，但预期减少量低于仅添加可再生能源的情况。
