Department of Engineering & Public Policy and ‡Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Feb 7;51(3):1094-1101. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03536. Epub 2017 Jan 11.
Annual installations of behind-the-meter (BTM) electric storage capacity are forecast to eclipse grid-side electrochemical storage by the end of the decade. Here, we characterize the economic payoff and regional emission consequences of BTM storage without colocated generation under different tariff conditions, battery characteristics, and ownership scenarios using metered loads for several hundred commercial and industrial customers. Net emissions are calculated as increased system emissions from charging minus avoided emissions from discharging. Net CO emissions range from 75 to 270 kg/MWh of delivered energy depending on location and ownership perspective, though in New York, these emissions can be reduced with careful tariff design. Net NO emissions range from -0.13 to 0.24 kg/MWh, and net SO emissions range from -0.01 to 0.58 kg/MWh. Emission rates are driven primarily by energy losses, not by the difference between marginal emission rates during battery charging and discharging. Economics are favorable for many buildings in regions with high demand charges like California and New York, even without subsidies. Future penetration into regions with average charges like Pennsylvania will depend greatly on installation cost reductions and wholesale prices for ancillary services.
预计到本十年末，安装在用户侧（BTM）的电力储能容量将超过电网侧电化学储能。在这里，我们使用数百个商业和工业客户的计量负荷，在不同的关税条件、电池特性和所有权情况下，对没有同地发电的 BTM 储能的经济回报和区域排放后果进行了描述。净排放量的计算方法是充电增加的系统排放量减去放电避免的排放量。净 CO 排放量范围为 75 至 270 公斤/MWh 交付能源，具体取决于地点和所有权角度，但在纽约，可以通过仔细设计关税来减少这些排放。净 NO 排放量范围为-0.13 至 0.24 公斤/MWh，净 SO 排放量范围为-0.01 至 0.58 公斤/MWh。排放率主要受能量损失驱动，而不是电池充电和放电期间边际排放率之间的差异。对于加利福尼亚州和纽约等高需求收费地区的许多建筑物来说，即使没有补贴，经济状况也非常有利。在宾夕法尼亚州等平均收费地区的未来渗透率将在很大程度上取决于安装成本的降低和辅助服务的批发价格。
