Scott Karen P, Antoine Jean-Michel, Midtvedt Tore, van Hemert Saskia
Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
Danone Research, Cedex, France.
Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2015 Feb 2;26:25877. doi: 10.3402/mehd.v26.25877. eCollection 2015.
The intestinal microbiota composition varies between healthy and diseased individuals for numerous diseases. Although any cause or effect relationship between the alterations in the gut microbiota and disease is not always clear, targeting the intestinal microbiota might offer new possibilities for prevention and/or treatment of disease.
Here we review some examples of manipulating the intestinal microbiota by prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbial transplants.
Prebiotics are best known for their ability to increase the number of bifidobacteria. However, specific prebiotics could potentially also stimulate other species they can also stimulate other species associated with health, like Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcus bromii, the Roseburia/Enterococcus rectale group, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Probiotics have beneficial health effects for different diseases and digestive symptoms. These effects can be due to the direct effect of the probiotic bacterium or its products itself, as well as effects of the probiotic on the resident microbiota. Probiotics can influence the microbiota composition as well as the activity of the resident microbiota. Fecal microbial transplants are a drastic intervention in the gut microbiota, aiming for total replacement of one microbiota by another. With numerous successful studies related to antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infection, the potential of fecal microbial transplants to treat other diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and metabolic and cardiovascular disorders is under investigation.
Improved knowledge on the specific role of gut microbiota in prevention and treatment of disease will help more targeted manipulation of the intestinal microbiota. Further studies are necessary to see the (long term) effects for health of these interventions.
对于多种疾病，健康个体和患病个体的肠道微生物群组成存在差异。尽管肠道微生物群改变与疾病之间的任何因果关系并不总是明确的，但针对肠道微生物群可能为疾病的预防和/或治疗提供新的可能性。
在此，我们综述一些通过益生元、益生菌和粪便微生物移植来调控肠道微生物群的实例。
益生元以其增加双歧杆菌数量的能力而最为人所知。然而，特定的益生元也可能刺激其他物种，它们还可以刺激与健康相关的其他物种，如嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌、布氏瘤胃球菌、罗斯氏菌/直肠肠球菌组以及普拉梭菌。益生菌对不同疾病和消化症状具有有益的健康影响。这些影响可能归因于益生菌细菌或其产物本身的直接作用，以及益生菌对常驻微生物群的作用。益生菌可以影响微生物群组成以及常驻微生物群的活性。粪便微生物移植是对肠道微生物群的一种激进干预，旨在用另一种微生物群完全替代一种微生物群。随着众多与抗生素相关性腹泻和艰难梭菌感染相关的成功研究，粪便微生物移植治疗其他疾病（如炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征以及代谢和心血管疾病）的潜力正在研究中。
对肠道微生物群在疾病预防和治疗中具体作用的深入了解将有助于更有针对性地调控肠道微生物群。有必要进行进一步研究以观察这些干预措施对健康的（长期）影响。
