Muralidharan Veena, Sussan Thomas E, Limaye Sneha, Koehler Kirsten, Williams D'Ann L, Rule Ana M, Juvekar Sanjay, Breysse Patrick N, Salvi Sundeep, Biswal Shyam
Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune 411011, India.
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Feb 3;12(2):1773-87. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120201773.
Nearly three billion people use solid fuels for cooking and heating, which leads to extremely high levels of household air pollution and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Many stove manufacturers have developed alternative cookstoves (ACSs) that are aimed at reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Here, we tested a traditional clay chulha cookstove (TCS) and five commercially available ACSs, including both natural draft (Greenway Smart Stove, Envirofit PCS-1) and forced draft stoves (BioLite HomeStove, Philips Woodstove HD4012, and Eco-Chulha XXL), in a test kitchen in a rural village of western India. Compared to the TCS, the ACSs produced significant reductions in particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and CO concentrations (Envirofit: 22%/16%, Greenway: 24%/42%, BioLite: 40%/35%, Philips: 66%/55% and Eco-Chulha: 61%/42%), which persisted after normalization for fuel consumption or useful energy. PM2.5 and CO concentrations were lower for forced draft stoves than natural draft stoves. Furthermore, the Philips and Eco-Chulha units exhibited higher cooking efficiency than the TCS. Despite significant reductions in concentrations, all ACSs failed to achieve PM2.5 levels that are considered safe by the World Health Organization (ACSs: 277-714 μg/m³ or 11-28 fold higher than the WHO recommendation of 25 μg/m³).
近30亿人使用固体燃料做饭和取暖，这导致家庭空气污染程度极高，是发病和死亡的主要原因。许多炉灶制造商已开发出旨在减少排放和燃料消耗的替代炉灶（ACS）。在此，我们在印度西部一个乡村的测试厨房中，对一台传统黏土厨灶（TCS）和五款市售ACS进行了测试，这五款ACS包括自然通风炉灶（Greenway智能炉灶、Envirofit PCS - 1）和强制通风炉灶（BioLite家用炉灶、飞利浦木柴炉灶HD4012和Eco - Chulha XXL）。与TCS相比，ACS使小于2.5微米的颗粒物（PM2.5）和一氧化碳浓度显著降低（Envirofit：22%/16%，Greenway：24%/42%，BioLite：40%/35%，飞利浦：66%/55%，Eco - Chulha：61%/42%），在对燃料消耗或有用能量进行归一化处理后，这种降低依然存在。强制通风炉灶的PM2.5和一氧化碳浓度低于自然通风炉灶。此外，飞利浦和Eco - Chulha炉灶的烹饪效率高于TCS。尽管浓度显著降低，但所有ACS的PM2.5水平均未达到世界卫生组织认为安全的水平（ACS：277 - 714微克/立方米，比世界卫生组织25微克/立方米的建议值高11 - 28倍）。
