Ahmed S A, van de Sande W W J, Stevens D A, Fahal A, van Diepeningen A D, Menken S B J, de Hoog G S
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; ; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. ; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Persoonia. 2014 Dec;33:141-54. doi: 10.3767/003158514X684744. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
Eumycetoma is a chronic fungal infection characterised by large subcutaneous masses and the presence of sinuses discharging coloured grains. The causative agents of black-grain eumycetoma mostly belong to the orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The aim of the present study was to clarify the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleosporalean agents, viz. Madurella grisea, Medicopsis romeroi (syn.: Pyrenochaeta romeroi), Nigrograna mackinnonii (syn. Pyrenochaeta mackinnonii), Leptosphaeria senegalensis, L. tompkinsii, and Pseudochaetosphaeronema larense. A phylogenetic analysis based on five loci was performed: the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), large (LSU) and small (SSU) subunit ribosomal RNA, the second largest RNA polymerase subunit (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) gene. In addition, the morphological and physiological characteristics were determined. Three species were well-resolved at the family and genus level. Madurella grisea, L. senegalensis, and L. tompkinsii were found to belong to the family Trematospheriaceae and are reclassified as Trematosphaeria grisea comb. nov., Falciformispora senegalensis comb. nov., and F. tompkinsii comb. nov. Medicopsis romeroi and Pseudochaetosphaeronema larense were phylogenetically distant and both names are accepted. The genus Nigrograna is reduced to synonymy of Biatriospora and therefore N. mackinnonii is reclassified as B. mackinnonii comb. Nov. Mycetoma agents in Pleosporales were phylogenetically quite diverse despite their morphological similarity in the formation of pycnidia, except for the ascosporulating genus Falciformispora (formerly in Leptosphaeria). Most of the species diagnosed from human mycetoma were found to be related to waterborne or marine fungi, suggesting an association of the virulence factors with oligotrophism or halotolerance.
足菌肿是一种慢性真菌感染，其特征为皮下出现大肿块以及存在排出有色颗粒的窦道。黑色颗粒型足菌肿的病原体大多属于粪壳菌目和格孢腔菌目。本研究的目的是阐明格孢腔菌目病原体的系统发育和分类，即灰马杜拉菌、罗梅罗医学拟茎点霉（同义词：罗梅罗梨孢瓶霉）、麦金农黑粒菌（同义词：麦金农梨孢瓶霉）、塞内加尔细球腔菌、汤普金斯细球腔菌和拉伦假拟球壳孢。基于五个基因座进行了系统发育分析：内转录间隔区（ITS）、大亚基（LSU）和小亚基（SSU）核糖体RNA、第二大RNA聚合酶亚基（RPB2）以及翻译延伸因子1-α（TEF1）基因。此外，还确定了形态和生理特征。三个物种在科和属水平上得到了很好的解析。发现灰马杜拉菌、塞内加尔细球腔菌和汤普金斯细球腔菌属于 Trematospheriaceae 科，并重新分类为灰 Trematosphaeria 菌（新组合）、塞内加尔镰孢孢菌（新组合）和汤普金斯镰孢孢菌（新组合）。罗梅罗医学拟茎点霉和拉伦假拟球壳孢在系统发育上距离较远，两个名称均被保留。黑粒菌属被归为双孢腔菌属的同义词，因此麦金农黑粒菌被重新分类为麦金农双孢腔菌（新组合）。格孢腔菌目中的足菌肿病原体在系统发育上差异很大，尽管它们在分生孢子器的形成上形态相似，但产子囊孢子的镰孢孢菌属（以前在细球腔菌属中）除外。从人类足菌肿中诊断出的大多数物种被发现与水生或海洋真菌有关，这表明毒力因子与贫营养或耐盐性有关。
