Gilgien Matthias, Crivelli Philip, Spörri Jörg, Kröll Josef, Müller Erich
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Performance, Oslo, Norway.
WSL-Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Group for Snowsports, Davos, Switzerland.
PLoS One. 2015 Mar 11;10(3):e0118119. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118119. eCollection 2015.
World Cup (WC) alpine ski racing consists of four main competition disciplines (slalom, giant slalom, super-G and downhill), each with specific course and terrain characteristics. The International Ski Federation (FIS) has regulated course length, altitude drop from start to finish and course setting in order to specify the characteristics of the respective competition disciplines and to control performance and injury-related aspects. However to date, no detailed data on course setting and its adaptation to terrain is available. It is also unknown how course and terrain characteristics influence skier speed. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize course setting, terrain geomorphology and their relationship to speed in male WC giant slalom, super-G and downhill. The study revealed that terrain was flatter in downhill compared to the other disciplines. In all disciplines, variability in horizontal gate distance (gate offset) was larger than in gate distance (linear distance from gate to gate). In giant slalom the horizontal gate distance increased with terrain inclination, while super-G and downhill did not show such a connection. In giant slalom and super-G, there was a slight trend towards shorter gate distances as the steepness of the terrain increased. Gates were usually set close to terrain transitions in all three disciplines. Downhill had a larger proportion of extreme terrain inclination changes along the skier trajectory per unit time skiing than the other disciplines. Skier speed decreased with increasing steepness of terrain in all disciplines except for downhill. In steep terrain, speed was found to be controllable by increased horizontal gate distances in giant slalom and by shorter gate distances in giant slalom and super-G. Across the disciplines skier speed was largely explained by course setting and terrain inclination in a multiple linear model.
世界杯高山滑雪比赛由四个主要竞赛项目（回转、大回转、超级大回转和速降）组成，每个项目都有特定的赛道和地形特征。国际滑雪联合会（FIS）对赛道长度、起点到终点的海拔落差以及赛道设置进行了规范，以明确各个竞赛项目的特征，并控制与成绩和伤病相关的因素。然而，迄今为止，尚无关于赛道设置及其与地形适应性的详细数据。赛道和地形特征如何影响滑雪者速度也尚不清楚。因此，本研究的目的是描述男子世界杯大回转、超级大回转和速降比赛中的赛道设置、地形地貌及其与速度的关系。研究表明，与其他项目相比，速降项目的地形更为平坦。在所有项目中，水平门距（门的偏移）的变化比门距（门与门之间的直线距离）的变化更大。在大回转项目中，水平门距随地形倾斜度增加而增大，而超级大回转和速降项目则未表现出这种关联。在大回转和超级大回转项目中，随着地形坡度增加，门距有略微缩短的趋势。在所有三个项目中，旗门通常设置在靠近地形过渡的位置。与其他项目相比，速降项目在单位滑行时间内沿滑雪者轨迹的极端地形倾斜度变化比例更大。除速降项目外，在所有项目中，滑雪者速度均随地形坡度增加而降低。在陡峭地形中，发现在大回转项目中可通过增加水平门距来控制速度，在大回转和超级大回转项目中可通过缩短门距来控制速度。在多元线性模型中，各项目的滑雪者速度在很大程度上可由赛道设置和地形倾斜度来解释。
