Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, University of Lille Nord de France , Lille, France.
Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, University of Lille Nord de France , Lille, France ; Parasitology-Mycology Department, Hospital University Center, Faculty of Medicine , Lille, France.
Front Microbiol. 2015 Feb 13;6:89. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00089. eCollection 2015.
The lung microbiome, which is believed to be stable or at least transient in healthy people, is now considered as a poly-microorganism component contributing to disease pathogenesis. Most research studies on the respiratory microbiome have focused on bacteria and their impact on lung health, but there is evidence that other non-bacterial organisms, comprising the viruses (virome) and fungi (mycobiome), are also likely to play an important role in healthy people as well as in patients. In the last few years, the lung mycobiome (previously named the fungal microbiota or microbiome) has drawn closer attention. There is growing evidence that the lung mycobiome has a significant impact on clinical outcome of chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. Thanks to advances in culture independent methods, especially next generation sequencing, a number of fungi not detected by culture methods have been molecularly identified in human lungs. It has been shown that the structure and diversity of the lung mycobiome vary in different populations (healthy and different diseased individuals) which could play a role in CRD. Moreover, the link between lung mycobiome and different biomes of other body sites, especially the gut, has also been unraveled. By interacting with the bacteriome and/or virome, the respiratory mycobiome appears to be a cofactor in inflammation and in the host immune response, and therefore may contribute to the decline of the lung function and the disease progression. In this review, we report the recent limited explorations of the human respiratory mycobiome, and discuss the mycobiome's connections with other local microbial communities, as well as the relationships with the different biomes of other body sites. These studies suggest several outlooks for this understudied emerging field, which will certainly call for a renewal of our understanding of pulmonary diseases.
人们认为肺部微生物组在健康人群中是稳定的，或者至少是短暂的，现在被认为是一种多微生物组成部分，有助于疾病的发病机制。大多数关于呼吸微生物组的研究都集中在细菌及其对肺部健康的影响上，但有证据表明，其他非细菌生物体，包括病毒（病毒组）和真菌（真菌组），在健康人群以及患者中也可能发挥重要作用。在过去的几年中，肺部真菌组（以前称为真菌微生物群或微生物组）引起了更多的关注。越来越多的证据表明，肺部真菌组对慢性呼吸道疾病（CRD）的临床结果有重大影响，如哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、囊性纤维化和支气管扩张。由于培养非依赖性方法的进步，特别是下一代测序，许多以前无法通过培养方法检测到的真菌在人类肺部中通过分子方法得到了鉴定。已经表明，肺部真菌组的结构和多样性在不同人群（健康人群和不同疾病个体）中存在差异，这可能在 CRD 中发挥作用。此外，肺部真菌组与其他身体部位（特别是肠道）的不同生物群落之间的联系也已经被揭示出来。通过与细菌组和/或病毒组相互作用，呼吸真菌组似乎是炎症和宿主免疫反应的协同因素，因此可能有助于肺功能下降和疾病进展。在这篇综述中，我们报告了人类呼吸真菌组的最新有限探索，并讨论了真菌组与其他局部微生物群落的联系，以及与其他身体部位不同生物群落的关系。这些研究为这个研究较少的新兴领域提出了几个观点，这肯定会要求我们更新对肺部疾病的认识。
