Comiso Josefino C, Hall Dorothy K
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, Code 615 Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD, USA.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change. 2014 May;5(3):389-409. doi: 10.1002/wcc.277.
The Arctic is a region in transformation. Warming in the region has been amplified, as expected from ice-albedo feedback effects, with the rate of warming observed to be ∼0.60 ± 0.07°C/decade in the Arctic (>64°N) compared to ∼0.17°C/decade globally during the last three decades. This increase in surface temperature is manifested in all components of the cryosphere. In particular, the sea ice extent has been declining at the rate of ∼3.8%/decade, whereas the perennial ice (represented by summer ice minimum) is declining at a much greater rate of ∼11.5%/decade. Spring snow cover has also been observed to be declining by -2.12%/decade for the period 1967-2012. The Greenland ice sheet has been losing mass at the rate of ∼34.0 Gt/year (sea level equivalence of 0.09 mm/year) during the period from 1992 to 2011, but for the period 2002-2011, a higher rate of mass loss of ∼215 Gt/year has been observed. Also, the mass of glaciers worldwide declined at the rate of 226 Gt/year from 1971 to 2009 and 275 Gt/year from 1993 to 2009. Increases in permafrost temperature have also been measured in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere while a thickening of the active layer that overlies permafrost and a thinning of seasonally frozen ground has also been reported. To gain insight into these changes, comparative analysis with trends in clouds, albedo, and the Arctic Oscillation is also presented. 2014, 5:389�409. doi: 10.1002/wcc.277.
北极是一个正在发生变化的地区。正如冰反照率反馈效应所预期的那样，该地区的变暖现象有所加剧。在过去三十年中，北极地区（北纬64°以上）观测到的变暖速率约为0.60±0.07°C/十年，而全球平均变暖速率约为0.17°C/十年。地表温度的这种升高在冰冻圈的所有组成部分都有体现。特别是，海冰范围以约3.8%/十年的速率在减少，而常年冰（以夏季最小冰量表示）的减少速率则大得多，约为11.5%/十年。在1967 - 2012年期间，春季积雪覆盖范围也被观测到以-2.12%/十年的速率在减少。在1992年至2011年期间，格陵兰冰盖以约34.0 Gt/年的速率（海平面当量为0.09 mm/年）在流失质量，但在2002年至2011年期间，观测到更高的质量流失速率，约为215 Gt/年。此外，从1971年到2009年，全球冰川质量以226 Gt/年的速率下降，从1993年到2009年则以275 Gt/年的速率下降。在北半球的许多地区也测量到了多年冻土温度的升高，同时还报告了多年冻土上覆活动层的增厚和季节性冻土的变薄。为了深入了解这些变化，还对云、反照率和北极涛动的趋势进行了对比分析。2014年，5:389 - 409。doi: 10.1002/wcc.277 。
