Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada ; Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Arch Public Health. 2014 Nov 24;72(1):41. doi: 10.1186/2049-3258-72-41. eCollection 2014.
The 2012 visit to Canada of Olivier De Schutter, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, led to a public rebuff by Canadian governmental officials. This paper adapts the frame-critical policy analysis of Schön and Rein (1994), to explore the rhetorical basis for this conflict. This examination is offered as an illustrative example of how food insecurity is framed as a public policy problem in a high-income nation and how this framing has changed over time.
We analyze Canada's decade of sequential responses to the 1996 World Food Summit, spanning 1998-2008, in the form of Canada's Action Plan on Food Security, and its subsequent Progress Reports. We conducted a qualitative policy analysis, adapting the frame-critical approach first delineated by Schön and Rein (1994). This analysis uses a social constructionist approach to map out the relationships between tacit understanding of policy by particular actors, explicit rhetoric in the public domain, and action in this policy area over time.
We identify three key ways in which competing rhetorical frames arise over time: frame shifts (e.g., a shift away from language highlighting the right to food and health); frame blending (e.g., discussion about poverty becomes obscured by complexity discourse); and within-frame incongruence (e.g., monitoring for health indicators that are unrelated to policy solutions). Together, these frames illustrate how the conflict embodied in the UN Special Rapporteur's visit has been deeply woven into the policy discourse on food insecurity in Canada over time.
Frame-critical analysis is instructive for exposing and also predicting tensions that impede forward progress on difficult policy issues. Accordingly, such analyses may be helpful in not only dissecting how policy can become 'stuck' in the process of change but in active reframing towards new policy solutions.
2012 年，联合国食物权问题特别报告员奥利维尔·德舒特访问加拿大，这招致了加拿大政府官员的公开驳斥。本文借鉴了 Schön 和 Rein（1994）的批判性政策分析框架，旨在探讨这一冲突的修辞基础。本文提供了一个说明性的例子，说明在高收入国家，如何将食物不安全问题框定为一个公共政策问题，以及这种框架是如何随着时间的推移而变化的。
我们以加拿大 1998-2008 年期间对 1996 年世界粮食首脑会议的连续回应形式，即《加拿大粮食安全行动计划》及其后续进展报告，分析了加拿大十年间的情况。我们进行了定性政策分析，借鉴了 Schön 和 Rein（1994）首次阐述的批判性框架方法。这种分析采用社会建构主义方法，勾勒出特定行为者对政策的隐性理解、公共领域的明确修辞以及该政策领域随时间推移的行动之间的关系。
我们确定了随着时间的推移，竞争修辞框架出现的三种主要方式：框架转移（例如，从强调食物和健康权的语言转变）；框架融合（例如，关于贫困的讨论被复杂性话语所掩盖）；以及框架内的不一致（例如，监测与政策解决方案无关的健康指标）。这些框架共同说明了，随着时间的推移，体现在联合国特别报告员访问中的冲突是如何深深融入加拿大食物不安全政策话语中的。
批判性框架分析对于揭示和预测阻碍困难政策问题取得进展的紧张局势是有启发性的。因此，这种分析不仅有助于分析政策在变革过程中如何“陷入困境”，而且有助于积极重新构建新的政策解决方案。
