Livermore Joshua A, Jones Stuart E
Notre Dame Environmental Change Initiative, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
ISME J. 2015 Nov;9(11):2413-22. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2015.51. Epub 2015 Apr 7.
Spatial variation in environmental conditions and barriers to organism movement are thought to be important factors for generating endemic species, thus enhancing global diversity. Recent microbial ecology research suggested that the entire diversity of bacteria in the global oceans could be recovered at a single site, thus inferring a lack of bacterial endemism. We argue this is not the case in the global ocean, but might be in other bacterial ecosystems with higher dispersal rates and lower global diversity, like the human gut. We quantified the degree to which local and global bacterial diversity overlap in a diverse set of ecosystems. Upon comparison of observed local-global diversity overlap with predictions from a neutral biogeography model, human-associated microbiomes (gut, skin, mouth) behaved much closer to neutral expectations whereas soil, lake and marine communities deviated strongly from the neutral expectations. This is likely a result of differences in dispersal rate among 'patches', global diversity of these systems, and local densities of bacterial cells. It appears that overlap of local and global bacterial diversity is surprisingly large (but likely not one-hundred percent), and most importantly this overlap appears to be predictable based upon traditional biogeographic parameters like community size, global diversity, inter-patch environmental heterogeneity and patch connectivity.
环境条件的空间变异以及生物体移动的障碍被认为是产生特有物种的重要因素，从而增加全球生物多样性。最近的微生物生态学研究表明，全球海洋中细菌的全部多样性可以在一个单一地点被发现，因此推断不存在细菌特有现象。我们认为在全球海洋中并非如此，但在其他具有更高扩散率和更低全球多样性的细菌生态系统中，如人类肠道，可能确实如此。我们量化了一系列不同生态系统中局部和全球细菌多样性的重叠程度。将观察到的局部 - 全球多样性重叠与中性生物地理学模型的预测进行比较后发现，与人类相关的微生物群落（肠道、皮肤、口腔）的表现更接近中性预期，而土壤、湖泊和海洋群落则强烈偏离中性预期。这可能是由于“斑块”之间扩散率的差异、这些系统的全球多样性以及细菌细胞的局部密度不同所致。局部和全球细菌多样性的重叠似乎惊人地大（但可能不是百分之百），最重要的是，基于群落大小、全球多样性、斑块间环境异质性和斑块连通性等传统生物地理参数，这种重叠似乎是可预测的。
