Emanueli Costanza, Shearn Andrew I U, Angelini Gianni D, Sahoo Susmita
Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, England, UK.
Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK.
Vascul Pharmacol. 2015 Aug;71:24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.02.008. Epub 2015 Apr 11.
Cell-cell communication between cardiac and vascular cells and from stem and progenitor cells to differentiated cardiovascular cells is both an important and complex process, achieved through a diversity of mechanisms that have an impact on cardiovascular biology, disease and therapeutics. In recent years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a new system of intercellular communication. EVs of different sizes are produced via different biogenesis pathways and have been shown to be released and taken up by most of known cell types, including heart and vascular cells, and stem and progenitor cells. This review will focus on exosomes, the smallest EVs (up to 100nm in diameter) identified so far. Cells can package cargoes consisting of selective lipids, proteins and RNA in exosomes and such cargoes can be shipped to recipient cells, inducing expressional and functional changes. This review focuses on exosomes and microRNAs in the context of cardiovascular disease and repair. We will describe exosome biogenesis and cargo formation and discuss the available information on in vitro and in vivo exosomes-based cell-to-cell communication relevant to cardiovascular science. The methods used in exosome research will be also described. Finally, we will address the promise of exosomes as clinical biomarkers and their impact as a biomedical tool in stem cell-based cardiovascular therapeutics.
心脏细胞与血管细胞之间以及干细胞和祖细胞与分化的心血管细胞之间的细胞间通讯，是一个重要且复杂的过程，它通过多种对心血管生物学、疾病和治疗产生影响的机制来实现。近年来，越来越多的证据表明，细胞外囊泡（EVs）是一种新的细胞间通讯系统。不同大小的细胞外囊泡通过不同的生物发生途径产生，并且已被证明能被包括心脏和血管细胞以及干细胞和祖细胞在内的大多数已知细胞类型释放和摄取。本综述将聚焦于外泌体，这是迄今为止发现的最小的细胞外囊泡（直径达100纳米）。细胞能够将由选择性脂质、蛋白质和RNA组成的货物包裹在外泌体中，这些货物可以被运送到受体细胞，从而诱导表达和功能变化。本综述聚焦于心血管疾病和修复背景下的外泌体和微小RNA。我们将描述外泌体的生物发生和货物形成，并讨论与心血管科学相关的体外和体内基于外泌体的细胞间通讯的现有信息。还将描述外泌体研究中使用的方法。最后，我们将探讨外泌体作为临床生物标志物的前景及其作为基于干细胞的心血管治疗中的生物医学工具所产生的影响。
