McGee Ciara E, Trigwell Joanne, Fairclough Stuart J, Murphy Rebecca C, Porcellato Lorna, Ussher Michael, Foweather Lawrence
Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, 15-21 Webster Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK.
Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Calverley Building, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.
BMC Public Health. 2015 Mar 7;15:225. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1513-z.
Smoking often starts in early adolescence and addiction can occur rapidly. For effective smoking prevention there is a need to identify at risk groups of preadolescent children and whether gender-specific intervention components are necessary. This study aimed to examine associations between mother, father, sibling and friend smoking and cognitive vulnerability to smoking among preadolescent children living in deprived neighbourhoods.
Cross-sectional data was collected from 9-10 year old children (n =1143; 50.7% girls; 85.6% White British) from 43 primary schools in Merseyside, England. Children completed a questionnaire that assessed their smoking-related behaviour, intentions, attitudes, and refusal self-efficacy, as well as parent, sibling and friend smoking. Data for boys and girls were analysed separately using multilevel linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for individual cognitions and school and deprivation level.
Compared to girls, boys had lower non-smoking intentions (P = 0.02), refusal self-efficacy (P = 0.04) and were less likely to agree that smoking is 'definitely' bad for health (P < 0.01). Friend smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) and boys (P < 0.01), and with refusal self-efficacy in girls (P < 0.01). Sibling smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) but a positive association was found in boys (P = 0.02). Boys who had a smoking friend were less likely to 'definitely' believe that the smoke from other people's cigarettes is harmful (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.91, P = 0.02). Further, boys with a smoking friend (OR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.69, P < 0.01) or a smoking sibling (OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.98) were less likely to 'definitely' believe that smoking is bad for health.
This study indicates that sibling and friend smoking may represent important influences on 9-10 year old children's cognitive vulnerability toward smoking. Whilst some differential findings by gender were observed, these may not be sufficient to warrant separate prevention interventions. However, further research is needed.
吸烟通常始于青春期早期，且成瘾可能迅速发生。为了有效预防吸烟，有必要确定青春期前儿童的高危群体，以及是否需要针对性别的干预措施。本研究旨在探讨母亲、父亲、兄弟姐妹和朋友吸烟与生活在贫困社区的青春期前儿童吸烟认知易感性之间的关联。
收集了来自英国默西塞德郡43所小学9至10岁儿童（n = 1143；50.7%为女孩；85.6%为英国白人）的横断面数据。孩子们完成了一份问卷，评估他们与吸烟相关的行为、意图、态度和拒绝自我效能，以及父母、兄弟姐妹和朋友的吸烟情况。使用多级线性和逻辑回归模型分别对男孩和女孩的数据进行分析，并对个体认知、学校和贫困水平进行了调整。
与女孩相比，男孩的不吸烟意图较低（P = 0.02），拒绝自我效能较低（P = 0.04），并且不太可能认同吸烟“绝对”有害健康（P < 0.01）。朋友吸烟与女孩（P < 0.01）和男孩（P < 0.01）的不吸烟意图呈负相关，与女孩的拒绝自我效能呈负相关（P < 0.01）。兄弟姐妹吸烟与女孩的不吸烟意图呈负相关（P < 0.01），但在男孩中发现呈正相关（P = 0.02）。有吸烟朋友的男孩不太可能“绝对”相信他人香烟的烟雾有害（OR 0.57，95% CI：0.35至0.91，P = 0.02）。此外，有吸烟朋友（OR 0.38，95% CI：0.21至0.69，P < 0.01）或吸烟兄弟姐妹的男孩（OR 0.45，95% CI：0.21至0.98）不太可能“绝对”相信吸烟有害健康。
本研究表明，兄弟姐妹和朋友吸烟可能对9至10岁儿童吸烟的认知易感性产生重要影响。虽然观察到了一些性别差异结果，但这些差异可能不足以保证采取单独的预防干预措施。然而，仍需要进一步研究。
