Kampen Helge, Werner Doreen
Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Deutschland.
Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung, Müncheberg, Deutschland.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2015 Oct;58(10):1101-9. doi: 10.1007/s00103-015-2218-2.
Hematophagous arthropods and the diseases associated with them represent a growing threat to human and animal health in Europe. After the eradication of endemic malaria from Europe in the middle of the last century, there has been a resurgence of mosquitoes as significant vectors of disease agents under the influence of continuing globalisation, as exotic species and mosquito-borne pathogens are being introduced with increasing frequency. At present, southern Europe is particularly affected by disease outbreaks and cases, but invasive mosquito species, including efficient vectors, have also emerged in Germany. While there is considerable knowledge on the vector potential of many tropical and subtropical mosquito species, corresponding data on the indigenous mosquito species are scarce. Exceptions are the Anopheles species, which were already vectors of malaria parasites in historic Europe. It must be assumed, however, that many further indigenous species are able to transmit pathogens under certain conditions and will by all means gain vector competence under a scenario of climate warming. Thus, the permanent surveillance of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease agents is paramount for the purposes of conducting risk analyses and modelling, in addition to research work addressing the conditions of the spread of vectors and pathogens and of pathogen transmission. Only ample data can facilitate taking appropriate prophylactic action and designing control strategies. International health organizations have realised this and started to promote data collection on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in the EU. At a national levels, authorities are more reluctant, although, similar to other fields of health, it has been shown for mosquito-borne diseases that preventive measures are more cost-saving than disease case management and the coverage of follow-up costs. The present article is intended to illustrate the necessity of the re-intensification of mosquito surveillance and research in Germany and other European countries.
吸血节肢动物及其相关疾病对欧洲的人类和动物健康构成了日益严重的威胁。自上世纪中叶欧洲根除地方性疟疾以来，在持续全球化的影响下，蚊子作为重要的病原体传播媒介再度出现，外来物种和蚊媒病原体的引入频率不断增加。目前，南欧尤其受到疾病暴发和病例的影响，但包括高效传播媒介在内的入侵蚊子物种也在德国出现。虽然对许多热带和亚热带蚊子物种的传播媒介潜力已有相当多的了解，但关于本土蚊子物种的相应数据却很匮乏。历史上欧洲的按蚊属物种是疟原虫的传播媒介，这是个例外。然而，必须假定许多其他本土物种在某些条件下能够传播病原体，并且在气候变暖的情况下肯定会获得传播媒介能力。因此，除了针对传播媒介和病原体传播条件以及病原体传播的研究工作外，持续监测蚊子和蚊媒疾病病原体对于进行风险分析和建模至关重要。只有充足的数据才能有助于采取适当的预防措施并制定控制策略。国际卫生组织已经意识到这一点，并开始推动在欧盟收集有关蚊子和蚊媒疾病的数据。在国家层面，当局则较为不情愿，尽管与其他卫生领域一样，事实表明，对于蚊媒疾病而言，预防措施比疾病病例管理和后续费用的覆盖更节省成本。本文旨在说明德国和其他欧洲国家重新加强蚊子监测和研究的必要性。
