Schmidt Hanns-Ludwig, Robins Richard J, Werner Roland A
a Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie , Technische Universität München , Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
Isotopes Environ Health Stud. 2015;51(1):155-99. doi: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1014355.
Many physical and chemical processes in living systems are accompanied by isotope fractionation on H, C, N, O and S. Although kinetic or thermodynamic isotope effects are always the basis, their in vivo manifestation is often modulated by secondary influences. These include metabolic branching events or metabolite channeling, metabolite pool sizes, reaction mechanisms, anatomical properties and compartmentation of plants and animals, and climatological or environmental conditions. In the present contribution, the fundamentals of isotope effects and their manifestation under in vivo conditions are outlined. The knowledge about and the understanding of these interferences provide a potent tool for the reconstruction of physiological events in plants and animals, their geographical origin, the history of bulk biomass and the biosynthesis of defined representatives. It allows the use of isotope characteristics of biomass for the elucidation of biochemical pathways and reaction mechanisms and for the reconstruction of climatic, physiological, ecological and environmental conditions during biosynthesis. Thus, it can be used for the origin and authenticity control of food, the study of ecosystems and animal physiology, the reconstruction of present and prehistoric nutrition chains and paleaoclimatological conditions. This is demonstrated by the outline of fundamental and application-orientated examples for all bio-elements. The aim of the review is to inform (advanced) students from various disciplines about the whole potential and the scope of stable isotope characteristics and fractionations and to provide them with a comprehensive introduction to the literature on fundamental aspects and applications.
生物系统中的许多物理和化学过程都伴随着氢、碳、氮、氧和硫的同位素分馏。尽管动力学或热力学同位素效应始终是其基础，但其在体内的表现往往会受到次生影响的调节。这些影响包括代谢分支事件或代谢物通道化、代谢物库大小、反应机制、动植物的解剖特性和区室化，以及气候或环境条件。在本论文中，概述了同位素效应的基本原理及其在体内条件下的表现。对这些干扰因素的了解为重建动植物的生理事件、其地理起源、大量生物质的历史以及特定代表性物质的生物合成提供了有力工具。它使得利用生物质的同位素特征来阐明生化途径和反应机制，以及重建生物合成过程中的气候、生理、生态和环境条件成为可能。因此，它可用于食品的来源和真实性控制、生态系统和动物生理学研究、当前和史前营养链以及古气候条件的重建。本文通过概述所有生物元素的基础和应用实例来进行说明。本综述的目的是让来自各个学科的（高年级）学生了解稳定同位素特征和分馏的全部潜力和范围，并为他们提供关于基础方面和应用的文献的全面介绍。
