van Leeuwen Cees
Mind and Brain Research Unit, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Center for Cognitive Science, TU Kaiserslautern Kaiserlautern, Germany.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Apr 7;9:170. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00170. eCollection 2015.
The qualitative character of consciousness, its "what-it-is-likeness", is a contested issue, both in philosophy and psychology. I argue that, rather than by conceptual analyses, the status of "what-it-is-likeness" has to be decided by empirical investigation. Pending the outcome, we should maintain an agnostic stance, in order to remove the bias in favor of fictionalism from our study of consciousness,. I illustrate this with the notion of "ownership unity". People adhere to the belief of a single, unified self as the owner of their experiences, in spite of abundant dis-unities in the informational content of their experience. On one reading, this supports the notion that the unity of experience is no more than a convenient fiction, based on an illusory experience of unity. Cognitive neuroscience is slanted in favor of such understanding, insofar it emphasizes functional specialization and localization. To restore the balance, I present a complementary perspective: the view that the experience of unity is afforded by the intrinsic, multiscale brain dynamics. This approach offers a biological substrate for unity of experience as a regular scenario within certain boundary conditions, as well mechanisms that may let it go astray.
意识的质性特征,即其“主观感受性”,在哲学和心理学领域都是一个备受争议的问题。我认为,“主观感受性”的地位不应通过概念分析来确定,而必须通过实证研究来决定。在结果出来之前,我们应该保持不可知论的立场,以便在对意识的研究中消除支持虚构主义的偏见。我用“所有权统一”的概念来说明这一点。尽管人们经验的信息内容存在大量不统一之处,但他们仍然坚持认为存在一个单一、统一的自我作为其经验的所有者。从一种解读来看,这支持了这样一种观点,即经验的统一只不过是基于虚幻的统一体验而产生的一种方便的虚构。认知神经科学倾向于这种理解,因为它强调功能专门化和定位。为了恢复平衡,我提出了一个补充观点:即统一体验是由内在的多尺度脑动力学产生的。这种方法为在特定边界条件下作为常规情形的经验统一提供了生物学基础,同时也提供了可能导致其出错的机制。