Cullum-Dugan Diana, Pawlak Roman
Namaste Nutrition, Watertown, MA.
East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 May;115(5):801-810. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.033.
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that vegetarian diets can provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain health conditions, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. Well-designed vegetarian diets that may include fortified foods or supplements meet current nutrient recommendations and are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Vegetarians must use special care to ensure adequate intake of vitamin B-12. Vegetarian diets are primarily plant-based, comprised of grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, vegetables, and fruit; do not include flesh foods (beef, pork, poultry and fowl, wild game, and fish); and may or may not include some animal products, such as dairy (milk and milk products), eggs, and processed foods that contain casein or whey. Although vegetarians may have a higher deficiency risk for some nutrients (eg, vitamin B-12) compared to nonvegetarians, nutritional deficiencies are not the main causes of mortality or morbidity in Western societies. Vegetarian diets are associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and some types of cancer; low-fat vegetarian diets, in combination with other healthy lifestyle factors, have been shown to be effective in the treatment of these diseases. Vegetarians have lower low-density lipoprotein, better serum glucose control, and lower oxidative stress. Low intake of foods containing saturated fat and cholesterol, and high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, and soy products that are rich in fiber and phytochemicals are components of a vegetarian diet that contribute to reduction of chronic disease.
营养与饮食学会的立场是，素食饮食在预防和治疗某些健康状况方面具有健康益处，这些健康状况包括动脉粥样硬化、2型糖尿病、高血压和肥胖症。精心设计的素食饮食（可能包括强化食品或补充剂）符合当前的营养建议，适用于生命周期的所有阶段，包括怀孕、哺乳、婴儿期、儿童期和青春期。素食者必须特别注意确保充足摄入维生素B-12。素食饮食主要以植物为基础，由谷物、豆类、坚果、种子、蔬菜和水果组成；不包括肉类食品（牛肉、猪肉、家禽、野味和鱼类）；可能包括也可能不包括一些动物产品，如乳制品（牛奶和奶制品）、鸡蛋以及含有酪蛋白或乳清的加工食品。尽管与非素食者相比，素食者某些营养素（如维生素B-12）的缺乏风险可能更高，但营养缺乏并非西方社会死亡或发病的主要原因。素食饮食与缺血性心脏病、高血压、2型糖尿病、肥胖症和某些类型癌症的较低风险相关；低脂素食饮食与其他健康生活方式因素相结合，已被证明对治疗这些疾病有效。素食者的低密度脂蛋白水平较低，血糖控制更好，氧化应激水平较低。素食饮食中饱和脂肪和胆固醇含量低，蔬菜、水果、全谷物、豆类、坚果、种子以及富含纤维和植物化学物质的大豆制品摄入量高，这些都是有助于降低慢性病风险的素食饮食组成部分。
