Prull Matthew W
a Department of Psychology , Whitman College , Walla Walla , WA , USA.
Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2015;22(6):731-54. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1037821. Epub 2015 Apr 27.
The present study examined age-related differences in the inconsistency effect, in which memory is enhanced for schema-inconsistent information compared to schema-consistent information. Young and older adults studied schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent objects in an academic office under either intentional or incidental encoding instructions, and were given two recognition tests either immediately or after 48 hr: A yes/no item recognition test that included modified remember/know judgments and a token recognition test that required determining whether an original object was replaced with a different object with the same name. Young and older adults showed equivalent inconsistency effects in both item and token recognition tests, although older adults reported phenomenologically less rich memories of schema-inconsistent objects relative to young adults. These findings run counter to previous reports suggesting that aging is associated with processing declines at encoding that impair memory for details of schema-inconsistent or distinctive events. The results are consistent with a retrieval-based account in which age-related difficulties in retrieving contextual details can be offset by environmental support.
本研究考察了不一致效应中与年龄相关的差异，在这种效应中，与图式一致的信息相比，图式不一致的信息的记忆得到增强。年轻和年长成年人在学术办公室中，按照有意或无意编码指令学习图式一致和图式不一致的物体，并在即时或48小时后接受两次识别测试：一次是包含修改后的记得/知道判断的是/否项目识别测试，另一次是需要确定原始物体是否被同名的不同物体替换的令牌识别测试。年轻和年长成年人在项目和令牌识别测试中表现出相当的不一致效应，尽管年长成年人从现象学角度报告称，相对于年轻成年人，他们对图式不一致物体的记忆不够丰富。这些发现与之前的报告相反，之前的报告表明，衰老与编码时的加工能力下降有关，这会损害对图式不一致或独特事件细节的记忆。结果与基于检索的解释一致，即与年龄相关的检索上下文细节的困难可以通过环境支持来抵消。
