Andrade-Oliveira Vinícius, Câmara Niels O S, Moraes-Vieira Pedro M
Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:681612. doi: 10.1155/2015/681612. Epub 2015 Apr 8.
Diabetes and obesity are worldwide health problems. White fat dynamically participates in hormonal and inflammatory regulation. White adipose tissue is recognized as a multifactorial organ that secretes several adipose-derived factors that have been collectively termed "adipokines." Adipokines are pleiotropic molecules that gather factors such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, vaspin, hepcidin, RBP4, and inflammatory cytokines, including TNF and IL-1β, among others. Multiple roles in metabolic and inflammatory responses have been assigned to these molecules. Several adipokines contribute to the self-styled "low-grade inflammatory state" of obese and insulin-resistant subjects, inducing the accumulation of metabolic anomalies within these individuals, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Thus, adipokines are an interesting drug target to treat autoimmune diseases, obesity, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue inflammation. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the roles of adipokines in different immune and nonimmune cells, which will contribute to diabetes as well as to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance development. We describe how adipokines regulate inflammation in these diseases and their therapeutic implications. We also survey current attempts to exploit adipokines for clinical applications, which hold potential as novel approaches to drug development in several immune-mediated diseases.
糖尿病和肥胖是全球性的健康问题。白色脂肪动态参与激素和炎症调节。白色脂肪组织被认为是一个多因素器官，它分泌多种脂肪源性因子，这些因子被统称为“脂肪因子”。脂肪因子是多效性分子，包括瘦素、脂联素、内脏脂肪素、Apelin、血管丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、铁调素、视黄醇结合蛋白4以及炎症细胞因子（如肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素-1β等）。这些分子在代谢和炎症反应中发挥多种作用。几种脂肪因子促成了肥胖和胰岛素抵抗个体的所谓“低度炎症状态”，导致这些个体出现代谢异常，包括自身免疫性疾病和炎症性疾病。因此，脂肪因子是治疗自身免疫性疾病、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和脂肪组织炎症的一个有吸引力的药物靶点。本综述的目的是概述脂肪因子在不同免疫细胞和非免疫细胞中的作用，这些作用与糖尿病以及脂肪组织炎症和胰岛素抵抗的发展有关。我们描述了脂肪因子如何调节这些疾病中的炎症及其治疗意义。我们还调查了目前将脂肪因子用于临床应用的尝试，这些尝试有望成为几种免疫介导疾病药物开发的新方法。
