Frasca Daniela, Blomberg Bonnie B
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL, 33101, USA.
Biogerontology. 2016 Feb;17(1):7-19. doi: 10.1007/s10522-015-9578-8. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
Both the innate and adaptive immune systems decline with age, causing greater susceptibility to infectious diseases and reduced responses to vaccination. Diseases are more severe in elderly than in young individuals and have a greater impact on health outcomes such as morbidity, disability and mortality. Aging is characterized by increased low-grade chronic inflammation, called "inflammaging", measured by circulating levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP, as well as by latent infections with viruses such as cytomegalovirus. Inflammaging has received considerable attention because it proposes a link between changes in immune cells and a number of diseases and syndromes typical of old age. In this review we aim at summarizing the current knowledge on pathways contributing to inflammaging, on immune responses down-regulated by inflammation and mechanisms proposed. The defects in the immune response of elderly individuals presented in this review should help to discover avenues for effective intervention to promote healthy aging.
先天免疫系统和适应性免疫系统都会随着年龄的增长而衰退，导致对传染病的易感性增加，以及对疫苗接种的反应减弱。疾病在老年人中比在年轻人中更为严重，对发病率、残疾率和死亡率等健康结果的影响更大。衰老的特征是低度慢性炎症增加，即“炎症衰老”，可通过循环中的肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6和C反应蛋白水平来衡量，同时也表现为潜伏感染，如巨细胞病毒感染。炎症衰老受到了相当多的关注，因为它提出了免疫细胞变化与许多典型老年疾病和综合征之间的联系。在这篇综述中，我们旨在总结目前关于导致炎症衰老的途径、被炎症下调的免疫反应以及所提出机制的知识。本综述中介绍的老年人免疫反应缺陷应有助于发现有效干预措施的途径，以促进健康衰老。
