Berridge Kent C, Kringelbach Morten L
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; Centre for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
Neuron. 2015 May 6;86(3):646-64. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018.
Pleasure is mediated by well-developed mesocorticolimbic circuitry and serves adaptive functions. In affective disorders, anhedonia (lack of pleasure) or dysphoria (negative affect) can result from breakdowns of that hedonic system. Human neuroimaging studies indicate that surprisingly similar circuitry is activated by quite diverse pleasures, suggesting a common neural currency shared by all. Wanting for reward is generated by a large and distributed brain system. Liking, or pleasure itself, is generated by a smaller set of hedonic hot spots within limbic circuitry. Those hot spots also can be embedded in broader anatomical patterns of valence organization, such as in a keyboard pattern of nucleus accumbens generators for desire versus dread. In contrast, some of the best known textbook candidates for pleasure generators, including classic pleasure electrodes and the mesolimbic dopamine system, may not generate pleasure after all. These emerging insights into brain pleasure mechanisms may eventually facilitate better treatments for affective disorders.
愉悦感由发育完善的中脑皮质边缘回路介导，并发挥着适应性功能。在情感障碍中，享乐系统的功能障碍可能导致快感缺失（缺乏愉悦感）或烦躁不安（消极情绪）。人类神经影像学研究表明，令人惊讶的是，相当多样的愉悦感会激活相似的回路，这表明所有愉悦感都共享一种共同的神经货币。对奖励的渴望由一个庞大且分布广泛的大脑系统产生。喜好，即愉悦感本身，则由边缘回路中一组较小的享乐热点产生。这些热点也可以嵌入更广泛的效价组织解剖模式中，比如伏隔核产生欲望与恐惧的键盘模式。相比之下，一些最著名的教科书式的愉悦感产生源，包括经典的愉悦电极和中脑边缘多巴胺系统，可能根本不会产生愉悦感。这些对大脑愉悦机制的新见解最终可能有助于更好地治疗情感障碍。
