Characterizing the burden of disease of particulate matter for life cycle impact assessment.

Fine particulate air pollution (PM) is a major environmental contributor to human burden of disease and therefore an important component of life cycle impact assessments. An accurate PM characterization factor, i.e., the impact per kg of PM emitted, is critical to estimating "cradle-to-grave" human health impacts of products and processes. We developed and assessed new characterization factors (disability-adjusted life years (DALY)/kg), or the products of dose-response factors (deaths/kg), severity factors (DALY/death) and intake fractions (kg/kg). In contrast to previous health burden estimates, we calculated age-specific concentration- and dose-response factors using baseline data, from 63 U.S. metropolitan areas, consistent with the U.S. study population used to derive the relative risk. We also calculated severity factors using 2010 Global Burden of Disease data. Multiplying the revised PM dose-responses, severity factors and intake fractions yielded new PM characterization factors that are higher than previous factors for primary PM but lower for secondary PM due to NO. Multiplying the concentration-response and severity factors by 2005 ambient PM concentrations yielded an annual U.S. burden of 2,000,000 DALY, slightly lower than previous U.S. estimates. The annual U.S. health burden estimated from PM emissions and characterization factors was 2.2 times higher.