Sihver L, Ploc O, Puchalska M, Ambrožová I, Kubančák J, Kyselová D, Shurshakov V
Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, Vienna 1020, Austria Chalmers University of Technology, Applied Physics, Göteborg, Sweden
Nuclear Physics Institute of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2015 Jun;164(4):477-83. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncv330. Epub 2015 May 15.
On the Earth, protection from cosmic radiation is provided by the magnetosphere and the atmosphere, but the radiation exposure increases with increasing altitude. Aircrew and especially space crew members are therefore exposed to an increased level of ionising radiation. Dosimetry onboard aircraft and spacecraft is however complicated by the presence of neutrons and high linear energy transfer particles. Film and thermoluminescent dosimeters, routinely used for ground-based personnel, do not reliably cover the range of particle types and energies found in cosmic radiation. Further, the radiation field onboard aircraft and spacecraft is not constant; its intensity and composition change mainly with altitude, geomagnetic position and solar activity (marginally also with the aircraft/spacecraft type, number of people aboard, amount of fuel etc.). The European Union Council directive 96/29/Euroatom of 1996 specifies that aircrews that could receive dose of >1 mSv y(-1) must be evaluated. The dose evaluation is routinely performed by computer programs, e.g. CARI-6, EPCARD, SIEVERT, PCAire, JISCARD and AVIDOS. Such calculations should however be carefully verified and validated. Measurements of the radiation field in aircraft are thus of a great importance. A promising option is the long-term deployment of active detectors, e.g. silicon spectrometer Liulin, TEPC Hawk and pixel detector Timepix. Outside the Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetosphere, the environment is much harsher than at aviation altitudes. In addition to the exposure to high energetic ionising cosmic radiation, there are microgravity, lack of atmosphere, psychological and psychosocial components etc. The milieu is therefore very unfriendly for any living organism. In case of solar flares, exposures of spacecraft crews may even be lethal. In this paper, long-term measurements of the radiation environment onboard Czech aircraft performed with the Liulin since 2001, as well as measurements and simulations of dose rates on and outside the International Space Station were presented. The measured and simulated results are discussed in the context of health impact.
在地球上，磁层和大气层提供了对宇宙辐射的防护，但辐射暴露会随着海拔升高而增加。因此，机组人员尤其是航天员会受到更高水平的电离辐射。然而，飞机和航天器上的剂量测定因中子和高线性能量转移粒子的存在而变得复杂。通常用于地面人员的胶片和热释光剂量计，无法可靠地涵盖宇宙辐射中发现的粒子类型和能量范围。此外，飞机和航天器上的辐射场并非恒定不变；其强度和组成主要随海拔、地磁位置和太阳活动而变化（在一定程度上也随飞机/航天器类型、机上人数、燃料量等因素而变化）。1996年欧盟理事会96/29/Euroatom指令规定，可能接受剂量大于1 mSv y⁻¹的机组人员必须接受评估。剂量评估通常由计算机程序执行，例如CARI - 6、EPCARD、SIEVERT、PCAire、JISCARD和AVIDOS。不过，此类计算应仔细验证和确认。因此，对飞机上辐射场的测量非常重要。一个有前景的选择是长期部署有源探测器，例如硅谱仪“柳林”、组织等效正比计数器“鹰”和像素探测器“时间pix”。在地球的保护性大气层和磁层之外，环境比在航空高度时要恶劣得多。除了暴露于高能电离宇宙辐射外，还有微重力、缺乏大气层、心理和社会心理因素等。因此，这种环境对任何生物体都非常不利。在太阳耀斑爆发时，航天器乘员所受的辐射甚至可能是致命的。本文介绍了自2001年以来使用“柳林”对捷克飞机上辐射环境进行的长期测量，以及国际空间站内外剂量率的测量和模拟。在健康影响的背景下对测量和模拟结果进行了讨论。
