Jia Ai, Escher Beate I, Leusch Frederic D L, Tang Janet Y M, Prochazka Erik, Dong Bingfeng, Snyder Erin M, Snyder Shane A
University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA.
The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4108, Australia; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Cell Toxicology, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Center for Applied Geosciences, Environmental Toxicology, Tübingen, Germany.
Water Res. 2015 Sep 1;80:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.020. Epub 2015 May 14.
With burgeoning population and diminishing availability of freshwater resources, the world continues to expand the use of alternative water resources for drinking, and the quality of these sources has been a great concern for the public as well as public health professionals. In vitro bioassays are increasingly being used to enable rapid, relatively inexpensive toxicity screening that can be used in conjunction with analytical chemistry data to evaluate water quality and the effectiveness of water treatment. In this study, a comprehensive bioassay battery consisting of 36 bioassays covering 18 biological endpoints was applied to screen the bioactivity of waters of varying qualities with parallel treatments. Samples include wastewater effluent, ultraviolet light (UV) and/or ozone advanced oxidation processed (AOP) recycled water, and infiltrated recycled groundwater. Based on assay sensitivity and detection frequency in the samples, several endpoints were highlighted in the battery, including assays for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, estrogenic activity, glucocorticoid activity, arylhydrocarbon receptor activity, oxidative stress response, and cytotoxicity. Attenuation of bioactivity was found to be dependent on the treatment process and bioassay endpoint. For instance, ozone technology significantly removed oxidative stress activity, while UV based technologies were most efficient for the attenuation of glucocorticoid activity. Chlorination partially attenuated genotoxicity and greatly decreased herbicidal activity, while groundwater infiltration efficiently attenuated most of the evaluated bioactivity with the exception of genotoxicity. In some cases, bioactivity (e.g., mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and arylhydrocarbon receptor) increased following water treatment, indicating that transformation products of water treatment may be a concern. Furthermore, several types of bioassays with the same endpoint were compared in this study, which could help guide the selection of optimized methods in future studies. Overall, this research indicates that a battery of bioassays can be used to support decision-making on the application of advanced water treatment processes for removal of bioactivity.
随着人口的迅速增长和淡水资源的日益减少，世界范围内对替代水源用于饮用的需求持续增加，这些水源的质量也受到公众和公共卫生专业人员的极大关注。体外生物测定法正越来越多地用于快速、相对廉价的毒性筛选，可与分析化学数据结合使用，以评估水质和水处理效果。在本研究中，应用了一个由36种生物测定法组成的综合生物测定组，涵盖18个生物学终点，对不同质量的水进行平行处理以筛选其生物活性。样品包括废水排放物、紫外线（UV）和/或臭氧高级氧化处理（AOP）的再生水以及渗入的再生地下水。根据测定灵敏度和样品中的检测频率，该生物测定组中突出了几个终点，包括遗传毒性、致突变性、雌激素活性、糖皮质激素活性、芳烃受体活性、氧化应激反应和细胞毒性的测定。发现生物活性的减弱取决于处理过程和生物测定终点。例如，臭氧技术显著去除氧化应激活性，而基于紫外线的技术对减弱糖皮质激素活性最为有效。氯化部分减弱了遗传毒性并大大降低了除草活性，而地下水渗入有效地减弱了大多数评估的生物活性，但遗传毒性除外。在某些情况下，水处理后生物活性（如致突变性、遗传毒性和芳烃受体）增加，表明水处理的转化产物可能是一个问题。此外，本研究比较了具有相同终点的几种生物测定类型，这有助于指导未来研究中优化方法的选择。总体而言，这项研究表明，一系列生物测定可用于支持有关应用先进水处理工艺去除生物活性的决策。
