Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg/EOST/UDS, 1, rue Blessig, 67084, Strasbourg Cedex, France,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Aug;22(15):11175-92. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4661-x. Epub 2015 May 22.
For the last 10 years, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have raised interest to industrials due to their properties. They are present in a large variety of products from cosmetics to building materials through food additives, and their value on the market was estimated to reach $3 trillion in 2014 (Technology Strategy Board 2009). TiO2 NMs represent the second most important part of ENMs production worldwide (550-5500 t/year). However, a gap of knowledge remains regarding the fate and the effects of these, and consequently, impact and risk assessments are challenging. This is due to difficulties in not only characterizing NMs but also in selecting the NM properties which could contribute most to ecotoxicity and human toxicity. Characterizing NMs should thus rely on various analytical techniques in order to evaluate several properties and to crosscheck the results. The aims of this review are to understand the fate and effects of TiO2 NMs in water, sediment, and soil and to determine which of their properties need to be characterized, to assess the analytical techniques available for their characterization, and to discuss the integration of specific properties in the Life Cycle Assessment and Risk Assessment calculations. This study underlines the need to take into account nano-specific properties in the modeling of their fate and effects. Among them, crystallinity, size, aggregation state, surface area, and particle number are most significant. This highlights the need for adapting ecotoxicological studies to NP-specific properties via new methods of measurement and new metrics for ecotoxicity thresholds.
在过去的 10 年中，由于其特性，工程纳米材料 (ENMs) 引起了工业界的兴趣。它们存在于从化妆品到建筑材料再到食品添加剂的各种产品中，其市场价值估计在 2014 年达到 3 万亿美元（技术战略委员会 2009 年）。TiO2 NM 代表全球 ENMs 生产的第二大重要部分（550-5500 t/年）。然而，关于这些纳米材料的命运和影响，仍然存在知识差距，因此，影响和风险评估具有挑战性。这是因为不仅在表征纳米材料方面存在困难，而且在选择最有可能导致生态毒性和人类毒性的纳米材料特性方面也存在困难。因此，对纳米材料的表征应依赖于各种分析技术，以便评估几种特性并相互检查结果。本综述的目的是了解 TiO2 NM 在水、沉积物和土壤中的命运和影响，并确定需要表征的特性，评估用于其表征的分析技术，并讨论将特定特性纳入生命周期评估和风险评估计算中。这项研究强调了在模拟纳米材料的命运和影响时需要考虑纳米材料的特性。其中，结晶度、尺寸、聚集状态、表面积和颗粒数最为重要。这突出了需要通过新的测量方法和新的生态毒性阈值指标来适应针对 NP 特性的生态毒理学研究。
