Marsh John E, Ljung Robert, Nöstl Anatole, Threadgold Emma, Campbell Tom A
Department of Building, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle Gävle, Sweden ; School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire Preston, Lancashire, UK.
Department of Building, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle Gävle, Sweden.
Front Psychol. 2015 May 21;6:548. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00548. eCollection 2015.
A dynamic interplay is known to exist between auditory processing and human cognition. For example, prior investigations of speech-in-noise have revealed there is more to learning than just listening: Even if all words within a spoken list are correctly heard in noise, later memory for those words is typically impoverished. These investigations supported a view that there is a "gap" between the intelligibility of speech and memory for that speech. Here, the notion was that this gap between speech intelligibility and memorability is a function of the extent to which the spoken message seizes limited immediate memory resources (e.g., Kjellberg et al., 2008). Accordingly, the more difficult the processing of the spoken message, the less resources are available for elaboration, storage, and recall of that spoken material. However, it was not previously known how increasing that difficulty affected the memory processing of semantically rich spoken material. This investigation showed that noise impairs higher levels of cognitive analysis. A variant of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure that encourages semantic elaborative processes was deployed. On each trial, participants listened to a 36-item list comprising 12 words blocked by each of 3 different themes. Each of those 12 words (e.g., bed, tired, snore…) was associated with a "critical" lure theme word that was not presented (e.g., sleep). Word lists were either presented without noise or at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 decibels upon an A-weighting. Noise reduced false recall of the critical words, and decreased the semantic clustering of recall. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
已知听觉处理与人类认知之间存在动态相互作用。例如，先前对噪声环境中语音的研究表明，学习不仅仅是听：即使在噪声中正确听到了口语列表中的所有单词，之后对这些单词的记忆通常也很差。这些研究支持了一种观点，即语音的可懂度与对该语音的记忆之间存在“差距”。这里的观点是，语音可懂度和可记忆性之间的这种差距是口语信息占用有限即时记忆资源程度的函数（例如，Kjellberg等人，2008年）。因此，口语信息的处理难度越大，用于对该口语材料进行加工、存储和回忆的资源就越少。然而，以前尚不清楚增加这种难度如何影响语义丰富的口语材料的记忆处理。本研究表明，噪声会损害更高层次的认知分析。采用了一种鼓励语义加工过程的Deese-Roediger-McDermott程序变体。在每次试验中，参与者听一个包含36个项目的列表，该列表由3个不同主题各自包含的12个单词组成。这12个单词中的每一个（例如，床、疲倦、打鼾……）都与一个未呈现的“关键”诱饵主题词（例如，睡眠）相关联。单词列表要么在无噪声的情况下呈现，要么在A加权下以5分贝的信噪比呈现。噪声减少了关键单词的错误回忆，并降低了回忆的语义聚类。讨论了理论和实际意义。
