Walmagh Maarten, Zhao Renfei, Desmet Tom
Center for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Jun 15;16(6):13729-45. doi: 10.3390/ijms160613729.
Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside) is a non-reducing sugar with unique stabilizing properties due to its symmetrical, low energy structure consisting of two 1,1-anomerically bound glucose moieties. Many applications of this beneficial sugar have been reported in the novel food (nutricals), medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Trehalose analogues, like lactotrehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl α-D-galactopyranoside) or galactotrehalose (α-D-galactopyranosyl α-D-galactopyranoside), offer similar benefits as trehalose, but show additional features such as prebiotic or low-calorie sweetener due to their resistance against hydrolysis during digestion. Unfortunately, large-scale chemical production processes for trehalose analogues are not readily available at the moment due to the lack of efficient synthesis methods. Most of the procedures reported in literature suffer from low yields, elevated costs and are far from environmentally friendly. "Greener" alternatives found in the biocatalysis field, including galactosidases, trehalose phosphorylases and TreT-type trehalose synthases are suggested as primary candidates for trehalose analogue production instead. Significant progress has been made in the last decade to turn these into highly efficient biocatalysts and to broaden the variety of useful donor and acceptor sugars. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the latest insights and future perspectives in trehalose analogue chemistry, applications and production pathways with emphasis on biocatalysis.
海藻糖（α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基 α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷）是一种非还原糖，因其对称的低能量结构由两个 1,1-异头键合的葡萄糖部分组成，具有独特的稳定特性。这种有益糖类在新型食品（营养食品）、医学、制药和化妆品行业已有许多应用报道。海藻糖类似物，如乳糖海藻糖（α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基 α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷）或半乳糖海藻糖（α-D-吡喃半乳糖基 α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷），具有与海藻糖相似的益处，但由于它们在消化过程中抗水解，还具有益生元或低热量甜味剂等额外特性。不幸的是，由于缺乏高效的合成方法，目前还没有现成的大规模海藻糖类似物化学生产工艺。文献中报道的大多数方法产率低、成本高，且远非环境友好型。相反，生物催化领域中发现的“更绿色”的替代方法，包括半乳糖苷酶、海藻糖磷酸化酶和TreT型海藻糖合酶，被建议作为生产海藻糖类似物的主要候选方法。在过去十年中已经取得了重大进展，将这些方法转变为高效的生物催化剂，并拓宽了有用的供体糖和受体糖的种类。在这篇综述中，我们旨在概述海藻糖类似物化学、应用和生产途径的最新见解和未来前景，重点是生物催化。
