Liu Fang-Li, Zhang Yu-Mei, Parés Gerard Vinyes, Reidy Kathleen C, Zhao Wen-Zhi, Zhao Ai, Chen Cheng, Ning Celia Y, Zheng Ying-Dong, Wang Pei-Yu
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
Chin Med J (Engl). 2015 Jul 5;128(13):1778-86. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.159354.
During the last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associated with nutrient intakes of urban Chinese pregnant women now-a-day.
The multistage stratified random sampling method was applied in the cross-sectional study. 479 women in three trimesters of pregnancy from eight cities of China were recruited. Nutrient intakes were evaluated with one 24 h dietary recall, and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 2013 for available nutrients.
Most pregnant women had imbalanced macronutrient distribution with excessive energy derived from fat. Intakes of Vitamin A, B 6, calcium, magnesium, and selenium were below Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) and Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in all trimesters. Most pregnant women took more folic acid in the first trimester with a significant decrease in the second and third trimester (P < 0.05). Shortfall in iron intake was found in the third trimester whereas some women may be at the risk of excessive iron intake. Intakes of thiamin met RNI in the first trimester but were below EAR in all trimesters. Trimester phasing was positively associated with most nutrients (P < 0.05). Prepregnancy body mass index was inversely associated with energy, fat, Vitamin C, and calcium intake (P < 0.05). Educational level and household income were positively associated with folic acid intake (P < 0.05).
Current prenatal dietary choices of urban pregnant women in China are imbalanced in the nutrient intake when compared with national DRIs 2013, particularly in intakes of energy derived from fat and micronutrients. Appropriate dietary advice to pregnant women should promote a balanced diet with emphasis on avoidance of foods of high fat content and incorporation of foods that are good sources of the key micronutrients that are usually lacking in a regular pregnancy diet. Further research is needed to understand the eating habits and food patterns that contribute to this imbalanced diet in order to be able to effectively improve prenatal women's nutrient intake status.
在过去三十年中，中国公民的饮食模式发生了巨大变化，尤其是在城市地区。本研究旨在确定当今中国城市孕妇的营养摄入状况以及与营养摄入相关的因素。
在横断面研究中采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法。招募了来自中国八个城市的479名处于孕期三个阶段的妇女。通过一次24小时饮食回顾评估营养摄入量，并与2013年中国膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）中可用营养素进行比较。
大多数孕妇的宏量营养素分布不均衡，脂肪提供的能量过多。在所有孕期，维生素A、B6、钙、镁和硒的摄入量均低于中国推荐营养素摄入量（RNI）和估计平均需求量（EARs）。大多数孕妇在孕早期摄入较多叶酸，在孕中期和孕晚期显著减少（P<0.05）。在孕晚期发现铁摄入量不足，而一些妇女可能有铁摄入过量的风险。硫胺素的摄入量在孕早期达到RNI，但在所有孕期均低于EAR。孕期阶段与大多数营养素呈正相关（P<0.05）。孕前体重指数与能量、脂肪、维生素C和钙的摄入量呈负相关（P<0.05）。教育水平和家庭收入与叶酸摄入量呈正相关（P<0.05）。
与2013年国家DRIs相比，中国城市孕妇目前的产前饮食选择在营养摄入方面不均衡，尤其是来自脂肪的能量和微量营养素的摄入量。应向孕妇提供适当的饮食建议，以促进均衡饮食，重点是避免高脂肪食物，并纳入通常在常规孕期饮食中缺乏的关键微量营养素的良好来源食物。需要进一步研究以了解导致这种不均衡饮食的饮食习惯和食物模式，以便能够有效改善产前妇女的营养摄入状况。
