Institute of Social Sciences in Agriculture, Gender and Nutrition-430b, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, Stuttgart 70599, Germany.
Nutrients. 2013 Jul 31;5(8):2933-54. doi: 10.3390/nu5082933.
Micronutrient deficiencies and imbalanced dietary intake tend to occur during the reproductive period among women in China. In accordance with traditional Chinese culture, pregnant women are commonly advised to follow a specific set of dietary precautions. The purpose of this study was to assess dietary intake data and identify risk factors for nutritional inadequacy in pregnant women from urban and rural areas of Deyang region, Sichuan province of China. Cross-sectional sampling was applied in two urban hospitals and five rural clinics (randomly selected) in Deyang region. Between July and October 2010, a total of 203 pregnant women in the third trimester, aged 19-42 years, were recruited on the basis of informed consent during antenatal clinic sessions. Semi-structured interviews on background information and 24-h dietary recalls were conducted. On the basis of self-reported height and pre-pregnancy weight, 68.7% of the women had a pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) within the normal range (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25), 26.3% were found to be underweight with a BMI <18.5 (20.8% in urban vs. 35.6% in rural areas), while only 5.1% were overweight with a BMI ≥30. In view of acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) the women's overall dietary energy originated excessively from fat (39%), was low in carbohydrates (49.6%), and reached the lower limits for protein (12.1%). Compared to rural areas, women living in urban areas had significantly higher reference nutrient intake (RNI) fulfillment levels for energy (106.1% vs. 93.4%), fat (146.6% vs. 119.7%), protein (86.9% vs. 71.6%), vitamin A (94.3% vs. 65.2%), Zn (70.9% vs. 61.8%), Fe (56.3% vs. 48%), Ca (55.1% vs. 41%) and riboflavin (74.7% vs. 60%). The likelihood of pregnant women following traditional food recommendations, such as avoiding rabbit meat, beef and lamb, was higher in rural (80%) than in urban (65.1%) areas. In conclusion, culturally sensitive nutrition education sessions are necessary for both urban and rural women. The prevalence of underweight before conception and an insufficient supply of important micronutrients were more pronounced in rural areas. Therefore, attention must be given to the nutritional status, especially of rural women before, or at the latest, during pregnancy.
在中国，女性在生育期往往容易出现微量营养素缺乏和饮食摄入不均衡的情况。按照中国传统文化，孕妇通常被建议遵循一系列特定的饮食注意事项。本研究旨在评估四川省德阳市城乡孕妇的饮食摄入数据，并确定其营养不足的风险因素。采用横断面抽样方法，在德阳市两家城市医院和五家农村诊所（随机选择）进行。2010 年 7 月至 10 月期间，共有 203 名年龄在 19-42 岁的孕晚期妇女在产前检查期间基于知情同意参加了本研究。通过半结构式访谈获取背景信息和 24 小时膳食回忆。根据自我报告的身高和孕前体重，68.7%的妇女孕前体重指数（BMI）处于正常范围（18.5≤BMI<25），26.3%的妇女体重过轻（城市为 20.8%，农村为 35.6%），仅有 5.1%的妇女超重（BMI≥30）。鉴于可接受的宏量营养素分布范围（AMDR），妇女的整体饮食能量过多来源于脂肪（39%），碳水化合物含量低（49.6%），蛋白质摄入量达到下限（12.1%）。与农村地区相比，城市地区妇女的能量参考营养素摄入量（RNI）达标率显著更高（106.1%比 93.4%），脂肪（146.6%比 119.7%），蛋白质（86.9%比 71.6%），维生素 A（94.3%比 65.2%），Zn（70.9%比 61.8%），Fe（56.3%比 48%），Ca（55.1%比 41%）和核黄素（74.7%比 60%）。农村地区（80%）遵循传统饮食建议的孕妇比例高于城市地区（65.1%），如避免食用兔肉、牛肉和羊肉。总之，城乡孕妇都需要开展文化敏感性营养教育。农村地区孕前体重过轻和重要微量营养素供应不足的情况更为明显。因此，必须关注农村妇女的营养状况，特别是在怀孕前或至少在怀孕时。
