Silk J B
Department of Anthropology, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, CA.
Hum Nat. 1998 Dec;9(4):341-68. doi: 10.1007/s12110-998-1014-1.
Conflict is an integral, and potentially disruptive, element in the lives of humans and other group-living animals. But conflicts are often settled, sometimes within minutes after the altercation has ended. The goal of this paper is to understand why primates, including humans, make amends. Primatologists have gathered an impressive body of evidence which demonstrates that monkeys and apes use a variety of behavioral mechanisms to resolve conflicts. Peaceful post-conflict interactions in nonhuman primates, sometimes labeled "reconciliation," have clear and immediate effects upon former adversaries, relieving uncertainty about whether aggression will continue, reducing stress, increasing tolerance, and reducing anxiety about whether aggressors will resume aggression toward former victims. However, the long-term effects of these interactions are less clearly established, leaving room to debate the adaptive function of conflict resolution strategies among primates. It is possible that reconciliatory behavior enhances the quality of valued, long-term social relationships or that reconciliatory interactions are signals that the conflict has ended and the actor's intentions are now benign. Both of these hypotheses may help us to understand how and why monkeys, apes, and humans make amends.
冲突是人类和其他群居动物生活中不可或缺且可能具有破坏性的因素。但冲突往往会得到解决，有时在争吵结束后的几分钟内就会解决。本文的目的是理解为什么包括人类在内的灵长类动物会进行和解。灵长类动物学家已经收集了大量令人印象深刻的证据，表明猴子和猿类会使用多种行为机制来解决冲突。非人类灵长类动物冲突后的和平互动，有时被称为“和解”，对昔日对手有着明显且直接的影响，缓解了攻击是否会继续的不确定性，减轻了压力，增强了容忍度，并减少了对攻击者是否会再次攻击昔日受害者的焦虑。然而，这些互动的长期影响尚不太明确，这就为探讨灵长类动物冲突解决策略的适应性功能留下了争论空间。和解行为有可能提高了有价值的长期社会关系的质量，或者和解互动是冲突已经结束且行为者意图现在是良性的信号。这两种假设都可能有助于我们理解猴子、猿类和人类如何以及为何进行和解。
