Brozynska Marta, Furtado Agnelo, Henry Robert J
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
Plant Biotechnol J. 2016 Apr;14(4):1070-85. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12454. Epub 2015 Aug 26.
Plant breeders require access to new genetic diversity to satisfy the demands of a growing human population for more food that can be produced in a variable or changing climate and to deliver the high-quality food with nutritional and health benefits demanded by consumers. The close relatives of domesticated plants, crop wild relatives (CWRs), represent a practical gene pool for use by plant breeders. Genomics of CWR generates data that support the use of CWR to expand the genetic diversity of crop plants. Advances in DNA sequencing technology are enabling the efficient sequencing of CWR and their increased use in crop improvement. As the sequencing of genomes of major crop species is completed, attention has shifted to analysis of the wider gene pool of major crops including CWR. A combination of de novo sequencing and resequencing is required to efficiently explore useful genetic variation in CWR. Analysis of the nuclear genome, transcriptome and maternal (chloroplast and mitochondrial) genome of CWR is facilitating their use in crop improvement. Genome analysis results in discovery of useful alleles in CWR and identification of regions of the genome in which diversity has been lost in domestication bottlenecks. Targeting of high priority CWR for sequencing will maximize the contribution of genome sequencing of CWR. Coordination of global efforts to apply genomics has the potential to accelerate access to and conservation of the biodiversity essential to the sustainability of agriculture and food production.
植物育种者需要获取新的遗传多样性，以满足不断增长的人口对更多粮食的需求，这些粮食要能在多变或不断变化的气候条件下生产出来，并且要提供消费者所要求的具有营养和健康益处的高品质食品。驯化植物的近缘种，即作物野生近缘种（CWRs），是植物育种者可利用的一个切实可行的基因库。CWR的基因组学产生的数据支持利用CWR来扩大作物的遗传多样性。DNA测序技术的进步使得对CWR进行高效测序并更多地将其用于作物改良成为可能。随着主要作物物种基因组测序的完成，注意力已转向对包括CWR在内的主要作物更广泛基因库的分析。需要结合从头测序和重测序来有效探索CWR中有用的遗传变异。对CWR的核基因组、转录组和母系（叶绿体和线粒体）基因组进行分析，有助于将其用于作物改良。基因组分析能够发现CWR中有用的等位基因，并识别在驯化瓶颈中丧失了多样性的基因组区域。针对高优先级CWR进行测序将使CWR基因组测序的贡献最大化。全球应用基因组学的努力进行协调，有可能加速获取和保护对农业和粮食生产可持续性至关重要的生物多样性。
