Chiew Kimberly S, Braver Todd S
Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University.
Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2016 Jan;42(1):52-66. doi: 10.1037/xhp0000129. Epub 2015 Aug 31.
The dual mechanisms of control account suggests that cognitive control may be implemented through relatively proactive mechanisms in anticipation of stimulus onset, or through reactive mechanisms, triggered in response to changing stimulus demands. Reward incentives and task-informative cues (signaling the presence/absence of upcoming cognitive demand) have both been found to influence cognitive control in a proactive or preparatory fashion; yet, it is currently unclear whether and how such cue effects interact. We investigated this in 2 experiments using an adapted flanker paradigm, where task-informative and reward incentive cues were orthogonally manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis. In Experiment 1, results indicated that incentives not only speed reaction times, but specifically reduce both interference and facilitation effects when combined with task-informative cues, suggesting enhanced proactive attentional control. Experiment 2 manipulated the timing of incentive cue information, demonstrating that such proactive control effects were only replicated with sufficient time to process the incentive cue (early incentive); when incentive signals were presented close to target onset (late incentive) the primary effect was a speed-accuracy trade-off. Together, results suggest that advance cueing may trigger differing control strategies, and that these strategies may critically depend on both the timing-and the motivational incentive-to use such cues.
双重控制机制假说认为，认知控制可能通过刺激出现前相对主动的机制来实现，或者通过响应不断变化的刺激需求而触发的反应机制来实现。奖励激励和任务信息线索（表明即将到来的认知需求的存在/不存在）都已被发现以主动或准备的方式影响认知控制；然而，目前尚不清楚这种线索效应是否以及如何相互作用。我们在2个实验中使用了一种改编的侧翼范式对此进行了研究，在该范式中，任务信息线索和奖励激励线索在逐个试次的基础上进行正交操纵。在实验1中，结果表明激励不仅加快了反应时间，而且当与任务信息线索结合时，特别减少了干扰和促进效应，表明主动注意控制得到增强。实验2操纵了激励线索信息的时间，表明只有在有足够时间处理激励线索（早期激励）时，这种主动控制效应才会重现；当激励信号在接近目标出现时呈现（晚期激励），主要影响是速度-准确性权衡。总之，结果表明提前提示可能触发不同的控制策略，并且这些策略可能严重依赖于使用此类线索的时间和动机激励。
