Bergmann-Leitner Elke S, Leitner Wolfgang W
US Military Malaria Research Program, Malaria Vaccine Branch, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W65, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
Division on Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6610 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Vaccines (Basel). 2014 Apr 10;2(2):252-96. doi: 10.3390/vaccines2020252.
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. This review focuses on the mode of action of different adjuvant classes in regards to the stimulation of specific immune cell subsets, the biasing of immune responses towards cellular or humoral immune response, the ability to mediate epitope spreading and the induction of persistent immunological memory. A better understanding of how particular adjuvants mediate their biological effects will eventually allow them to be selected for specific vaccines in a targeted and rational manner.
疫苗佐剂增强免疫反应的机制在历史上一直被认为是形成抗原储存库。在此处，抗原会缓慢释放，并在较长时间内提供给免疫细胞。这种“储存库”是通过将抗原与能够在注射部位持续存在的物质（如铝盐或乳剂）结合而形成的。病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）的识别极大地推进了我们对佐剂作用方式的理解，超越了简单的延长抗原释放概念，并加速了新型佐剂的开发。本综述重点关注不同类别佐剂在刺激特定免疫细胞亚群、使免疫反应偏向细胞免疫或体液免疫反应、介导表位扩展的能力以及诱导持久免疫记忆方面的作用方式。更好地理解特定佐剂如何介导其生物学效应最终将使它们能够以有针对性和合理的方式被选用于特定疫苗。
