Chen Guang X, Sieber W Karl, Lincoln Jennifer E, Birdsey Jan, Hitchcock Edward M, Nakata Akinori, Robinson Cynthia F, Collins James W, Sweeney Marie H
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Morgantown, WV, United States.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
Accid Anal Prev. 2015 Dec;85:66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.09.001. Epub 2015 Sep 19.
Approximately 1,701,500 people were employed as heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers in the United States in 2012. The majority of them were long-haul truck drivers (LHTDs). There are limited data on occupational injury and safety in LHTDs, which prompted a targeted national survey. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health conducted a nationally representative survey of 1265 LHTDs at 32 truck stops across the contiguous United States in 2010. Data were collected on truck crashes, near misses, moving violations, work-related injuries, work environment, safety climate, driver training, job satisfaction, and driving behaviors. Results suggested that an estimated 2.6% of LHTDs reported a truck crash in 2010, 35% reported at least one crash while working as an LHTD, 24% reported at least one near miss in the previous 7 days, 17% reported at least one moving violation ticket and 4.7% reported a non-crash injury involving days away from work in the previous 12 months. The majority (68%) of non-crash injuries among company drivers were not reported to employers. An estimate of 73% of LHTDs (16% often and 58% sometimes) perceived their delivery schedules unrealistically tight; 24% often continued driving despite fatigue, bad weather, or heavy traffic because they needed to deliver or pick up a load at a given time; 4.5% often drove 10miles per hours or more over the speed limit; 6.0% never wore a seatbelt; 36% were often frustrated by other drivers on the road; 35% often had to wait for access to a loading dock; 37% reported being noncompliant with hours-of-service rules (10% often and 27% sometimes); 38% of LHTDs perceived their entry-level training inadequate; and 15% did not feel that safety of workers was a high priority with their management. This survey brings to light a number of important safety issues for further research and interventions, e.g., high prevalence of truck crashes, injury underreporting, unrealistically tight delivery schedules, noncompliance with hours-of-service rules, and inadequate entry-level training.
2012年，美国约有170.15万人受雇担任重型和牵引式挂车卡车司机。其中大多数是长途卡车司机（LHTDs）。关于长途卡车司机职业伤害和安全的数据有限，这促使开展了一项针对性的全国性调查。2010年，美国国家职业安全与健康研究所对美国本土32个卡车停靠点的1265名长途卡车司机进行了具有全国代表性的调查。收集了有关卡车撞车事故、险些发生的事故、交通违规、工伤、工作环境、安全氛围、司机培训、工作满意度和驾驶行为的数据。结果显示，估计2.6%的长途卡车司机报告在2010年发生过卡车撞车事故，35%的司机报告在担任长途卡车司机期间至少发生过一次撞车事故，24%的司机报告在过去7天内至少发生过一次险些发生的事故，17%的司机报告至少收到过一张交通违规罚单，4.7%的司机报告在过去12个月内发生过一次导致误工的非撞车伤害事故。公司司机中，大多数（68%）的非撞车伤害事故未向雇主报告。估计73%的长途卡车司机（16%经常如此，58%有时如此）认为他们的交货时间表不切实际地紧张；24%的司机经常不顾疲劳、恶劣天气或交通拥堵继续驾驶，因为他们需要在特定时间送货或装货；4.5%的司机经常超速行驶每小时10英里或更多；6.0%的司机从不系安全带；36%的司机经常因路上其他司机而感到沮丧；35%的司机经常不得不等待进入装卸码头；37%的司机报告违反了服务时长规定（10%经常如此，27%有时如此）；38%的长途卡车司机认为他们的入职培训不足；15%的司机认为其管理层没有将工人安全视为高度优先事项。这项调查揭示了一些重要的安全问题，有待进一步研究和干预，例如卡车撞车事故的高发生率、伤害报告不足、不切实际的紧张交货时间表、违反服务时长规定以及入职培训不足。
