Ali Nurshad, Blaszkewicz Meinolf, Al Nahid Abdullah, Rahman Mustafizur, Degen Gisela H
Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, Dortmund D-44139, Germany.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
Toxins (Basel). 2015 Sep 24;7(10):3845-57. doi: 10.3390/toxins7103845.
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a contaminant of crops worldwide and known to cause adverse health effects in exposed animals and humans. A small survey reported the presence of DON in maize samples in Bangladesh, but these data are insufficient to assess human exposure, and also, biomonitoring data are still scarce. The present study applied biomarker analysis to investigate the DON exposure of pregnant women in Bangladesh. Urine samples were collected from pregnant women living in a rural (n = 32) and in a suburban (n = 22) area of the country. Urines were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronic acid conjugates and to immunoaffinity column clean-up prior to LC-MS/MS analysis of DON and its de-epoxy metabolite DOM-1. The limits of detection (LOD) for DON and DOM-1 in urine were 0.16 ng/mL and 0.10 ng/mL, respectively. DOM-1 was not detected in any of the urines, whilst DON was detectable in 52% of the samples at levels ranging from 0.18-7.16 ng/mL and a mean DON concentration of 0.86 ± 1.57 ng/mL or 2.14 ± 4.74 ng/mg creatinine. A significant difference in mean urinary DON levels was found between the rural (0.47 ± 0.73 ng/mL) and suburban (1.44 ± 2.20 ng/mL) cohort, which may be related to different food habits in the two cohorts. Analysis of food consumption data for the participants did not show significant correlations between their intake of typical staple foods and DON levels in urine. The biomarker concentrations found and published urinary excretion rates for DON were used to estimate daily mycotoxin intake in the cohort: the mean DON intake was 0.05 µg/kg b.w., and the maximum intake was 0.46 µg/kg b.w., values lower than the tolerable daily intake of 1 µg/kg b.w. These first results indicate a low dietary exposure of pregnant women in Bangladesh to DON. Nonetheless, further biomonitoring studies in children and in adult cohorts from other parts of the country are of interest to gain more insight into DON exposure in the population of Bangladesh.
单端孢霉烯族霉菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）是一种全球范围内的农作物污染物，已知会对接触到的动物和人类产生不良健康影响。一项小型调查报道了孟加拉国玉米样本中存在DON，但这些数据不足以评估人类接触情况，而且生物监测数据仍然匮乏。本研究应用生物标志物分析来调查孟加拉国孕妇的DON接触情况。从该国农村地区（n = 32）和郊区（n = 22）的孕妇中收集尿液样本。尿液在进行DON及其脱环氧代谢物DOM - 1的液相色谱 - 串联质谱分析之前，先进行葡萄糖醛酸共轭物的酶促水解和免疫亲和柱净化。尿液中DON和DOM - 1的检测限分别为0.16 ng/mL和0.10 ng/mL。在所有尿液样本中均未检测到DOM - 1，而在52%的样本中可检测到DON，其水平范围为0.18 - 7.16 ng/mL，DON的平均浓度为0.86±1.57 ng/mL或2.14±4.74 ng/mg肌酐。农村（0.47±0.73 ng/mL）和郊区（1.44±2.20 ng/mL）队列的尿DON平均水平存在显著差异，这可能与两个队列不同的饮食习惯有关。对参与者食物消费数据的分析未显示其典型主食摄入量与尿DON水平之间存在显著相关性。所发现的生物标志物浓度和已公布的DON尿排泄率用于估计该队列中霉菌毒素的每日摄入量：DON的平均摄入量为0.05 µg/kg体重，最大摄入量为0.46 µg/kg体重，这些值低于1 µg/kg体重的每日可耐受摄入量。这些初步结果表明孟加拉国孕妇通过饮食接触DON的水平较低。尽管如此，对该国其他地区儿童和成人队列进行进一步的生物监测研究，将有助于更深入了解孟加拉国人群的DON接触情况。
