Hansen Jochim, Alves Hans, Trope Yaacov
Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg.
Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2016 Mar;42(3):320-30. doi: 10.1037/xhp0000150. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
The present experiments tested the hypothesis that observers engage in more literal imitation of a model when the model is psychologically near to (vs. distant from) the observer. Participants learned to fold a dog out of towels by watching a model performing this task. Temporal (Experiment 1) and spatial (Experiment 2) distance from the model were manipulated. As predicted, participants copied more of the model's specific movements when the model was near (vs. distant). Experiment 3 replicated this finding with a paper-folding task, suggesting that distance from a model also affects imitation of less complex tasks. Perceived task difficulty, motivation, and the quality of the end product were not affected by distance. We interpret the findings as reflecting different levels of construal of the model's performance: When the model is psychologically distant, social learners focus more on the model's goal and devise their own means for achieving the goal, and as a result show less literal imitation of the model. (PsycINFO Database Record
当模型在心理上与观察者接近（而非远离）时，观察者会更逐字地模仿该模型。参与者通过观看一个执行此任务的模型，学会用毛巾折出一只狗。对与模型的时间（实验1）和空间（实验2）距离进行了操控。正如预测的那样，当模型距离较近（而非较远）时，参与者会更多地模仿模型的特定动作。实验3用折纸任务重复了这一发现，表明与模型的距离也会影响对较简单任务的模仿。感知到的任务难度、动机以及最终产品的质量不受距离影响。我们将这些发现解释为反映了对模型表现的不同理解水平：当模型在心理上距离较远时，社会学习者更关注模型的目标，并设计自己实现目标的方法，因此对模型的逐字模仿较少。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》
