Nijs S, Vlaskamp C, Maes B
University of Leuven, Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Leuven, Belgium.
University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Intellect Disabil Res. 2016 Jan;60(1):28-42. doi: 10.1111/jir.12231. Epub 2015 Sep 29.
The complex disabilities of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) impede their presentation of peer directed behaviours. Interactions with typically developing peers have been observed to be more frequent than those with peers with PIMD. The typically developing peers with whom people with PIMD have frequent contact are their siblings. In this study, the amount of peer directed behaviours was compared between an interaction with a sibling and an interaction with a peer with PIMD. In addition, the attention directing strategies of the siblings, and how these affect the presentation of peer directed behaviours, were examined.
Thirteen children and young people with PIMD, who had a typically developing sibling, were identified. For each of these thirteen children, a peer with PIMD and a sibling were selected. The child with PIMD was observed together with a peer with PIMD and together with a sibling. In both conditions, video observations were conducted. A coding scheme for the peer directed behaviours of the children and young people with PIMD and a coding scheme for the attention directing behaviours of the siblings were used. Descriptive, comparative and sequential analyses were conducted.
Significantly, more peer directed behaviours of the children with PIMD were observed in the condition with the sibling (30.76%) compared with that of the condition with the peer with PIMD (13.73%). The siblings presented attention directing behaviours in 30% of the time; the most frequently used was nonverbal behaviour. When the siblings presented a combination of verbal and nonverbal attention directing behaviours, they elicited multiple peer directed behaviours in the children and young people with PIMD.
Persons with PIMD interact more with their siblings compared with their peers with PIMD. Interacting with siblings may probably be more motivating and encouraging. Presenting a combination of verbal and nonverbal behaviours attracts more attention of the persons with PIMD.
重度智力和多重残疾（PIMD）儿童的复杂残疾状况阻碍了他们表现出针对同伴的行为。据观察，与发育正常的同伴互动比与PIMD同伴的互动更频繁。PIMD患者经常接触的发育正常的同伴是他们的兄弟姐妹。在本研究中，比较了与兄弟姐妹互动和与PIMD同伴互动时针对同伴行为的数量。此外，还研究了兄弟姐妹的注意力引导策略，以及这些策略如何影响针对同伴行为的表现。
确定了13名患有PIMD且有发育正常兄弟姐妹的儿童和青少年。对于这13名儿童中的每一名，选择了一名PIMD同伴和一名兄弟姐妹。观察患有PIMD的儿童与一名PIMD同伴以及一名兄弟姐妹在一起的情况。在两种情况下都进行了视频观察。使用了针对患有PIMD的儿童和青少年的同伴导向行为的编码方案以及针对兄弟姐妹的注意力引导行为的编码方案。进行了描述性、比较性和序列性分析。
值得注意的是，与患有PIMD的同伴的情况（13.73%）相比，在与兄弟姐妹的情况下观察到患有PIMD的儿童有更多针对同伴的行为（30.76%）。兄弟姐妹在30%的时间里表现出注意力引导行为；最常用的是非言语行为。当兄弟姐妹同时表现出口头和非言语注意力引导行为时，他们会引发患有PIMD的儿童和青少年的多种针对同伴的行为。
与患有PIMD的同伴相比，患有PIMD的人与他们的兄弟姐妹互动更多。与兄弟姐妹互动可能更具激励性和鼓励性。同时表现出口头和非言语行为会吸引患有PIMD的人的更多关注。
