Adams Rachel I, Bateman Ashley C, Bik Holly M, Meadow James F
Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403, OR, USA.
Microbiome. 2015 Oct 13;3:49. doi: 10.1186/s40168-015-0108-3.
As modern humans, we spend the majority of our time in indoor environments. Consequently, environmental exposure to microorganisms has important implications for human health, and a better understanding of the ecological drivers and processes that impact indoor microbial assemblages will be key for expanding our knowledge of the built environment. In the present investigation, we combined recent studies examining the microbiota of the built environment in order to identify unifying community patterns and the relative importance of indoor environmental factors. Ultimately, the present meta-analysis focused on studies of bacteria and archaea due to the limited number of high-throughput fungal studies from the indoor environment. We combined 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene datasets from 16 surveys of indoor environments conducted worldwide, additionally including 7 other studies representing putative environmental sources of microbial taxa (outdoor air, soil, and the human body).
Combined analysis of subsets of studies that shared specific experimental protocols or indoor habitats revealed community patterns indicative of consistent source environments and environmental filtering. Additionally, we were able to identify several consistent sources for indoor microorganisms, particularly outdoor air and skin, mirroring what has been shown in individual studies. Technical variation across studies had a strong effect on comparisons of microbial community assemblages, with differences in experimental protocols limiting our ability to extensively explore the importance of, for example, sampling locality, building function and use, or environmental substrate in structuring indoor microbial communities.
We present a snapshot of an important scientific field in its early stages, where studies have tended to focus on heavy sampling in a few geographic areas. From the practical perspective, this endeavor reinforces the importance of negative "kit" controls in microbiome studies. From the perspective of understanding mechanistic processes in the built environment, this meta-analysis confirms that broad factors, such as geography and building type, structure indoor microbes. However, this exercise suggests that individual studies with common sampling techniques may be more appropriate to explore the relative importance of subtle indoor environmental factors on the indoor microbiome.
作为现代人类，我们大部分时间都待在室内环境中。因此，环境中微生物的暴露对人类健康具有重要影响，更好地理解影响室内微生物群落的生态驱动因素和过程，将是扩展我们对建筑环境认识的关键。在本研究中，我们综合了近期有关建筑环境微生物群的研究，以确定统一的群落模式以及室内环境因素的相对重要性。最终，由于室内环境中高通量真菌研究数量有限，本荟萃分析主要聚焦于细菌和古菌的研究。我们整合了来自全球16项室内环境调查的16S核糖体RNA（rRNA）基因数据集，另外还纳入了7项其他研究，这些研究代表了微生物分类群的假定环境来源（室外空气、土壤和人体）。
对共享特定实验方案或室内栖息地的研究子集进行综合分析，揭示了表明一致来源环境和环境过滤的群落模式。此外，我们能够确定室内微生物的几个一致来源，特别是室外空气和皮肤，这与个别研究的结果相符。研究之间的技术差异对微生物群落组合的比较有很大影响，实验方案的差异限制了我们广泛探究例如采样地点、建筑功能和用途或环境基质在构建室内微生物群落中的重要性的能力。
我们展示了一个处于早期阶段的重要科学领域的概况，在这个领域中，研究往往集中在少数地理区域的大量采样上。从实际角度来看，这项工作强化了微生物组研究中阴性“试剂盒”对照的重要性。从理解建筑环境中的机制过程的角度来看，这项荟萃分析证实，地理和建筑类型等广泛因素构建了室内微生物群落。然而，这项研究表明，采用共同采样技术的个别研究可能更适合探究微妙的室内环境因素对室内微生物组的相对重要性。
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