Garcia Flávio R M, Ricalde Marcelo P
Insect Ecology Lab, Department of Ecology, Zoology and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
Insects. 2012 Dec 21;4(1):55-70. doi: 10.3390/insects4010055.
The history of classical biological control of fruit flies in Brazil includes two reported attempts in the past 70 years. The first occurred in 1937 when an African species of parasitoid larvae (Tetrastichus giffardianus) was introduced to control the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata and other tephritids. The second occurred in September 1994 when the exotic parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, originally from Gainesville, Florida, was introduced by a Brazilian agricultural corporation (EMBRAPA) to evaluate the parasitoid's potential for the biological control of Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata. Although there are numerous native Brazilian fruit fly parasitoids, mass rearing of these native species is difficult. Thus, D. longicaudata was chosen due to its specificity for the family Tephritidae and its ease of laboratory rearing. In this paper we review the literature on Brazilian fruit fly biological control and suggest that those tactics can be used on a large scale, together creating a biological barrier to the introduction of new fruit fly populations, reducing the source of outbreaks and the risk of species spread, while decreasing the use of insecticides on fruit destined for domestic and foreign markets.
巴西果蝇经典生物防治的历史包括过去70年里报道的两次尝试。第一次发生在1937年，当时引入了一种非洲寄生蜂幼虫（吉氏四节小蜂）来控制地中海实蝇、地中海实蝇和其他实蝇科害虫。第二次发生在1994年9月，当时巴西一家农业公司（巴西农牧业研究公司）引入了原产于佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔的外来寄生蜂长尾潜蝇茧蜂，以评估该寄生蜂对按实蝇属和地中海实蝇进行生物防治的潜力。尽管巴西有许多本土果蝇寄生蜂，但大规模饲养这些本土物种很困难。因此，选择长尾潜蝇茧蜂是因为它对实蝇科的专一性以及易于在实验室饲养。在本文中，我们回顾了关于巴西果蝇生物防治的文献，并建议这些策略可以大规模使用，共同形成一道生物屏障，阻止新的果蝇种群引入，减少爆发源和物种传播风险，同时减少用于国内外市场水果的杀虫剂使用量。
